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} function hydrate(id){ const url=buildUrl(id); input.value=url; const enc=encodeURIComponent(url); const text=encodeURIComponent(document.title); if(twitter) twitter.href=`https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=${enc}&text=${text}`; if(linkedin) linkedin.href=`https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=${enc}`; if(facebook) facebook.href=`https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=${enc}`; } function openModal(id){ lastFocus=document.activeElement; hydrate(id); if(!isOpen()){ modal.removeAttribute('hidden'); } requestAnimationFrame(()=>{ input.focus(); }); trapFocus(); } function closeModal(){ if(!isOpen()) return; modal.setAttribute('hidden',''); if(lastFocus && typeof lastFocus.focus==='function') lastFocus.focus(); } function copyCurrent(){ try{ navigator.clipboard.writeText(input.value).then(()=>feedback(true),()=>fallback()); } catch(e){ fallback(); } } function fallback(){ input.select(); try{ document.execCommand('copy'); feedback(true);}catch(e){ feedback(false);} } function feedback(ok){ if(!copyBtn) return; const icon=copyBtn.querySelector('i'); if(!icon) return; const prev=copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')||icon.className; if(!copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')) copyBtn.setAttribute('data-prev',prev); icon.className= ok ? 'fa-duotone fa-clipboard-check':'fa-duotone fa-circle-exclamation'; setTimeout(()=>{ icon.className=prev; },1800); } function handleShareClick(e){ e.preventDefault(); const btn=e.currentTarget; const id=btn.getAttribute('data-share-target'); if(id) openModal(id); } function bindShareButtons(){ document.querySelectorAll('.h-share').forEach(btn=>{ if(!btn.dataset.hShareBound){ btn.addEventListener('click', handleShareClick); btn.dataset.hShareBound='1'; } }); } bindShareButtons(); if(document.readyState==='loading'){ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bindShareButtons); } else { requestAnimationFrame(bindShareButtons); } document.addEventListener('click', function(e){ const shareBtn=e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.h-share'); if(shareBtn && !shareBtn.dataset.hShareBound){ handleShareClick.call(shareBtn, e); } }, true); document.addEventListener('click', e=>{ if(e.target===modal) closeModal(); if(e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-close')){ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); } if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script><p>Security is foundational to Geode&rsquo;s design, not an afterthought. Geode implements defense-in-depth security with multiple layers of protection, from mandatory network encryption to fine-grained data access controls. This zero-trust architecture makes Geode suitable for regulated industries including healthcare, finance, and government.</p> <h3 id="introduction-to-database-security" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Introduction to Database Security</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="introduction-to-database-security" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Introduction to Database Security"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><p>Modern database security requires protection across multiple dimensions:</p> <p><strong>Network Security</strong>: Encrypt data in transit, prevent eavesdropping <strong>Authentication</strong>: Verify user identity before granting access <strong>Authorization</strong>: Control what authenticated users can access <strong>Data Encryption</strong>: Protect data at rest from unauthorized access <strong>Audit Logging</strong>: Track access for compliance and forensics <strong>Data Integrity</strong>: Prevent unauthorized modifications</p> <p>Traditional databases often make security optional or add it as an afterthought. Geode makes security mandatory and deeply integrated.</p> <h3 id="geodes-security-architecture" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Geode&amp;rsquo;s Security Architecture</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="geodes-security-architecture" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Geodes Security Architecture"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3> <h4 id="mandatory-tls-13-encryption" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Mandatory TLS 1.3 Encryption</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="mandatory-tls-13-encryption" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Mandatory TLS 1.3 Encryption"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p>Geode <strong>requires</strong> TLS 1.3 for all network connections with <strong>no plaintext fallback</strong>:</p> <p><strong>Why TLS 1.3</strong>:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Strong cipher suites only</strong>: No legacy weak ciphers (AES-GCM, ChaCha20)</li> <li><strong>Forward secrecy</strong>: Past sessions remain secure if keys are compromised</li> <li><strong>Faster handshake</strong>: 0-RTT resumption for returning clients</li> <li><strong>Simplified configuration</strong>: Removes insecure options</li> </ul> <p><strong>Server configuration</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Generate self-signed certificate (development)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">openssl req -x509 -newkey rsa:4096 -nodes <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> -keyout server-key.pem -out server-cert.pem -days <span class="m">365</span> <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> -subj <span class="s2">&#34;/CN=localhost&#34;</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Start server with TLS</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">geode serve --listen 0.0.0.0:3141 <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --tls-cert<span class="o">=</span>server-cert.pem <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --tls-key<span class="o">=</span>server-key.pem </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Client connection (Python)</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">geode_client</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Client</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Production: Verify server certificate</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;geodedb.example.com&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">ca_cert</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;/path/to/ca-bundle.crt&#34;</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;MATCH (n:User) RETURN count(n) AS total&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Development: Self-signed certificate</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;localhost&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">skip_verify</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="kc">True</span> <span class="c1"># Skip verification (dev only!)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;MATCH (n:User) RETURN count(n) AS total&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Certificate management best practices</strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Use Let&rsquo;s Encrypt for public-facing servers (free, automated)</li> <li>Use internal CA for private networks</li> <li>Rotate certificates before expiration (automate with certbot)</li> <li>Store private keys securely (never in version control)</li> </ul> <h4 id="authentication" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Authentication</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="authentication" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Authentication"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p>Geode supports multiple authentication mechanisms:</p> <p><strong>Built-in Username/Password</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">with</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">password</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">alice</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">PASSWORD</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="py">secure_password_here</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">REQUIRE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SECURE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TRANSPORT</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">User</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">connects</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">with</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">credentials</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">Credentials</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">sent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">over</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TLS</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="py">encrypted</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">connection</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Python client authentication</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">geode_client</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">AuthClient</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Client</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;localhost&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">auth</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AuthClient</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">auth</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;alice&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&#34;secure_password_here&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;MATCH (n:Node) RETURN n&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Password hashing</strong> (server-side):</p> <ul> <li>Uses <strong>Argon2id</strong> (winner of Password Hashing Competition)</li> <li>Configurable time cost, memory cost, parallelism</li> <li>Resistant to GPU/ASIC attacks</li> <li>Automatically salted</li> </ul> <p><strong>Certificate-Based Authentication</strong> (mTLS):</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Server requires client certificates</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">geode serve --listen 0.0.0.0:3141 <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --tls-cert<span class="o">=</span>server-cert.pem <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --tls-key<span class="o">=</span>server-key.pem <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --tls-client-auth<span class="o">=</span>required <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --tls-ca-file<span class="o">=</span>client-ca.pem </span></span></code></pre></div><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Client provides certificate</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;localhost&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">ca_cert</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;/path/to/ca.pem&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">client_cert</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;/path/to/client-cert.pem&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">client_key</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;/path/to/client-key.pem&#34;</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;MATCH (n:Node) RETURN n&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>LDAP/Active Directory Integration</strong> (Enterprise):</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Configure LDAP authentication</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">geode serve --listen 0.0.0.0:3141 <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --auth-method<span class="o">=</span>ldap <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --ldap-url<span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;ldaps://ldap.example.com:636&#34;</span> <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --ldap-bind-dn<span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;cn=geode,ou=services,dc=example,dc=com&#34;</span> <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --ldap-bind-password<span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;service_password&#34;</span> <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --ldap-user-dn<span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;ou=users,dc=example,dc=com&#34;</span> </span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="authorization-and-access-control" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Authorization and Access Control</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="authorization-and-access-control" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Authorization and Access Control"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p>Geode implements fine-grained access control at multiple levels:</p> <p><strong>Database-Level Permissions</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Grant</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">database</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">GRANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ACCESS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">DATABASE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">sales</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">alice</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Revoke</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">REVOKE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ACCESS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">DATABASE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">sales</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FROM</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">alice</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Label-Level Permissions</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Grant</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">read</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">access</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">specific</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">labels</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">GRANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">LABEL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">User</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">alice</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">GRANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">LABEL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Product</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">alice</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Grant</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">write</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">GRANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">INSERT</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">UPDATE</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">DELETE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">LABEL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Order</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">alice</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Read</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="py">ly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">GRANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ALL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">LABELS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">readonly_user</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Property-Level Permissions</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Grant</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">access</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">specific</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">properties</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="py">ly</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">GRANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">email</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">support_team</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">support_team</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">cannot</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">User</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">ssn</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">or</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">User</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">salary</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Grant</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">update</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">specific</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">properties</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">GRANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">UPDATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">email</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">phone</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">profile_editor</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">profile_editor</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">can</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">modify</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">contact</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">info</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">other</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">fields</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Row-Level Security (RLS)</strong>:</p> <p>RLS policies filter query results based on user context:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">RLS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policy</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Users</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">can</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="py">ly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">their</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">own</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">data</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user_isolation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">User</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user_id</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">RLS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policy</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Managers</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">can</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">their</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">team</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="py">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">data</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">team_visibility</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">EXISTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">e</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">Employee</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="nc">REPORTS_TO</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="err">-&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">manager</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">Employee</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">manager</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">user_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user_id</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Enable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">RLS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">table</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">LABEL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">User</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ENABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ROW</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">LEVEL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SECURITY</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">LABEL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ENABLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ROW</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">LEVEL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SECURITY</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Python usage with RLS</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">geode_client</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">AuthClient</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Client</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># User alice logs in</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;localhost&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">auth</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AuthClient</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">auth</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;alice&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&#34;alice_password&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Query automatically filtered by RLS policy</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;&#34;&#34; </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> MATCH (e:Employee) </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> RETURN e.name, e.salary </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> &#34;&#34;&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Only returns employees alice manages (RLS policy applied)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Different user sees different results</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;localhost&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">auth</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AuthClient</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">auth</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">login</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;bob&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&#34;bob_password&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;&#34;&#34; </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> MATCH (e:Employee) </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> RETURN e.name, e.salary </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> &#34;&#34;&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Only returns employees bob manages</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>RLS Policy Examples</strong>:</p> <p>Multi-tenant isolation:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_isolation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ALL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">LABELS</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ALL</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">tenant_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_tenant_id</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>Time-based access:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">business_hours</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SensitiveData</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">extract_hour</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">current_timestamp</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">BETWEEN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">9</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">17</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>Role-based filtering:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">role_based_access</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Document</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">security_level</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">u</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">User</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="py">id</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">current_user_id</span><span class="p">()})</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">RETURN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">u</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">clearance_level</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="data-encryption-at-rest" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Data Encryption at Rest</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-encryption-at-rest" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Encryption at Rest"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p><strong>Transparent Data Encryption (TDE)</strong>:</p> <p>Geode encrypts database files automatically using AES-256-GCM:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Generate encryption key</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">openssl rand -hex <span class="m">32</span> &gt; database-encryption-key.txt </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Start server with TDE</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">geode serve --listen 0.0.0.0:3141 <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --data-dir<span class="o">=</span>/var/lib/geode <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --encryption-enabled<span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">true</span> <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --encryption-key-file<span class="o">=</span>database-encryption-key.txt </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Key characteristics</strong>:</p> <ul> <li>AES-256-GCM (authenticated encryption)</li> <li>Per-page encryption (16KB blocks)</li> <li>Low overhead (~5% performance impact)</li> <li>Protects against physical theft, backup leaks</li> </ul> <p><strong>Key Management Service (KMS) Integration</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Use AWS KMS for key management</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">geode serve --listen 0.0.0.0:3141 <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --encryption-enabled<span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">true</span> <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --encryption-kms<span class="o">=</span>aws <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --encryption-kms-key-id<span class="o">=</span>arn:aws:kms:us-east-1:123456789012:key/abc-def <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --encryption-kms-region<span class="o">=</span>us-east-1 </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Field-Level Encryption (FLE)</strong>:</p> <p>Encrypt specific sensitive fields in application:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">cryptography.fernet</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Fernet</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">geode_client</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Client</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Application-managed encryption key</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">encryption_key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Fernet</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">generate_key</span><span class="p">()</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">cipher</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Fernet</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">encryption_key</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">create_user_with_encrypted_ssn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ssn</span><span class="p">):</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Encrypt SSN before storing</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">encrypted_ssn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cipher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ssn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">()</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;localhost&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">execute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;&#34;&#34; </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> CREATE (u:User { </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> name: $name, </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> ssn_encrypted: $ssn_encrypted </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> }) </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> &#34;&#34;&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&#34;name&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">name</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&#34;ssn_encrypted&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">encrypted_ssn</span><span class="p">})</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">get_user_ssn</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">user_id</span><span class="p">):</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">host</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;localhost&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">port</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;&#34;&#34; </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> MATCH (u:User {id: $id}) </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> RETURN u.ssn_encrypted </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> &#34;&#34;&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&#34;id&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">user_id</span><span class="p">})</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">encrypted_ssn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bindings</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;ssn_encrypted&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Decrypt after retrieving</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">ssn</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">cipher</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decrypt</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">encrypted_ssn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">encode</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">decode</span><span class="p">()</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">ssn</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>FLE vs TDE</strong>:</p> <ul> <li><strong>TDE</strong>: Protects stored files, transparent to application, database can query</li> <li><strong>FLE</strong>: Protects specific fields, application-managed, database sees ciphertext</li> </ul> <h4 id="audit-logging" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Audit Logging</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="audit-logging" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Audit Logging"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p>Comprehensive logging for compliance and forensics:</p> <p><strong>Enable audit logging</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">geode serve --listen 0.0.0.0:3141 <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --audit-log-enabled<span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">true</span> <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --audit-log-file<span class="o">=</span>/var/log/geode/audit.jsonl <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --audit-log-level<span class="o">=</span>verbose </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Audit log format</strong> (JSON Lines):</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-json" data-lang="json"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;timestamp&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;2026-01-24T14:32:45.123Z&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;event_type&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;authentication&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;username&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;alice&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;source_ip&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;192.168.1.100&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;status&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;success&#34;</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;timestamp&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;2026-01-24T14:32:46.456Z&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;event_type&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;query&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;username&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;alice&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;database&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;production&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;query&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;MATCH (u:User {id: $id}) RETURN u&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;params&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span><span class="nt">&#34;id&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">123</span><span class="p">},</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;rows_returned&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;duration_ms&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">2.4</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">{</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;timestamp&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;2026-01-24T14:32:50.789Z&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;event_type&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;authorization_failure&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;username&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;bob&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;database&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;production&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;attempted_action&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;DELETE&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;resource&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;User&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nt">&#34;reason&#34;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;insufficient_privileges&#34;</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span> </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Audit log analysis</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">json</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">analyze_audit_log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">log_file</span><span class="p">):</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">failed_logins</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">{}</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">log_file</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">line</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">f</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">event</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">line</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;event_type&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;authentication&#39;</span> <span class="ow">and</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;status&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">==</span> <span class="s1">&#39;failure&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">username</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">event</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">failed_logins</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">failed_logins</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">+</span> <span class="mi">1</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Alert on brute force attempts</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">username</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">failed_logins</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">items</span><span class="p">():</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">count</span> <span class="o">&gt;</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&#34;ALERT: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">username</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> has </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">count</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> failed login attempts&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">analyze_audit_log</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;/var/log/geode/audit.jsonl&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="security-best-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Security Best Practices</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="security-best-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Security Best Practices"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3> <h4 id="principle-of-least-privilege" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Principle of Least Privilege</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="principle-of-least-privilege" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Principle of Least Privilege"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p>Grant minimum necessary permissions:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">BAD</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Overly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">permissive</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">GRANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ALL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">PRIVILEGES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ALL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">LABELS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">app_user</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">GOOD</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Specific</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">permissions</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">GRANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">User</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">email</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">app_user</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">GRANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">INSERT</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">UPDATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Order</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">app_user</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">GRANT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Product</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">app_user</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="secure-credential-management" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Secure Credential Management</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="secure-credential-management" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Secure Credential Management"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p><strong>Never hardcode credentials</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># BAD: Hardcoded password</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;localhost&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;app&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;hardcoded_pass&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># GOOD: Environment variables</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s2">&#34;localhost&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getenv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;GEODE_USERNAME&#34;</span><span class="p">),</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getenv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;GEODE_PASSWORD&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># BETTER: Secrets management service</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kn">from</span> <span class="nn">boto3.session</span> <span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">Session</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">secrets_client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Session</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">&#39;secretsmanager&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">region_name</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;us-east-1&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">secret</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">secrets_client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">get_secret_value</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">SecretId</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">&#39;geode/prod/credentials&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">credentials</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">json</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">loads</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">secret</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;SecretString&#39;</span><span class="p">])</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s2">&#34;localhost&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">,</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">credentials</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;username&#39;</span><span class="p">],</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">password</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">credentials</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">&#39;password&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">)</span> </span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="regular-security-audits" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Regular Security Audits</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="regular-security-audits" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Regular Security Audits"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Automated security checks</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">security_audit</span><span class="p">():</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">client</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">Client</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;localhost&#34;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">3141</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">username</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&#34;admin&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">async</span> <span class="k">with</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">connection</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="k">as</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Check for users without passwords</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;&#34;&#34; </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> SHOW USERS WHERE password_set = false </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> &#34;&#34;&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bindings</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&#34;WARNING: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bindings</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> users without passwords&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Check for overly permissive grants</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;&#34;&#34; </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> SHOW GRANTS WHERE privilege = &#39;ALL&#39; AND grantee NOT IN (&#39;admin&#39;, &#39;root&#39;) </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s2"> &#34;&#34;&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bindings</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&#34;WARNING: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bindings</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2"> users with ALL privileges&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Check TLS enforcement</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="n">result</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">client</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;SHOW VARIABLES LIKE &#39;require_secure_transport&#39;&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">result</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bindings</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">][</span><span class="s1">&#39;value&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="o">!=</span> <span class="s1">&#39;ON&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&#34;WARNING: TLS not enforced&#34;</span><span class="p">)</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">await</span> <span class="n">security_audit</span><span class="p">()</span> </span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="defense-in-depth" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Defense in Depth</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="defense-in-depth" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Defense in Depth"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p>Layer multiple security controls:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Network</strong>: Firewall rules, VPN, TLS</li> <li><strong>Authentication</strong>: Strong passwords, MFA, certificate-based</li> <li><strong>Authorization</strong>: RBAC, RLS policies</li> <li><strong>Encryption</strong>: TDE for data at rest, TLS for data in transit</li> <li><strong>Auditing</strong>: Comprehensive logging, monitoring, alerts</li> <li><strong>Application</strong>: Input validation, parameterized queries, rate limiting</li> </ol> <h3 id="compliance-and-standards" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Compliance and Standards</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="compliance-and-standards" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Compliance and Standards"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><p>Geode&rsquo;s security features support compliance with:</p> <p><strong>GDPR</strong> (General Data Protection Regulation):</p> <ul> <li>RLS for data access control</li> <li>Audit logging for data access tracking</li> <li>Encryption at rest and in transit</li> <li>Right to be forgotten (data deletion)</li> </ul> <p><strong>HIPAA</strong> (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act):</p> <ul> <li>Encryption of PHI (Protected Health Information)</li> <li>Access controls and authentication</li> <li>Audit trails for PHI access</li> <li>Data integrity verification</li> </ul> <p><strong>PCI DSS</strong> (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard):</p> <ul> <li>Strong access control measures</li> <li>Network security (TLS 1.3)</li> <li>Encryption of cardholder data</li> <li>Logging and monitoring</li> </ul> <p><strong>SOC 2</strong> (Service Organization Control 2):</p> <ul> <li>Access controls and authentication</li> <li>Encryption and secure data handling</li> <li>Audit logging and monitoring</li> <li>Incident response procedures</li> </ul> <h3 id="troubleshooting-security-issues" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Troubleshooting Security Issues</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="troubleshooting-security-issues" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Troubleshooting Security Issues"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3> <h4 id="issue-tls-handshake-failures" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Issue: TLS Handshake Failures</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="issue-tls-handshake-failures" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Issue: TLS Handshake Failures"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p><strong>Symptoms</strong>: Connection refused or TLS errors</p> <p><strong>Diagnosis</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Test TLS connection</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">openssl s_client -connect localhost:3141 -tls1_3 </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Check certificate validity</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">openssl x509 -in server-cert.pem -text -noout </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Solutions</strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Verify certificate hasn&rsquo;t expired</li> <li>Ensure client trusts server certificate</li> <li>Check TLS cipher suite compatibility</li> </ul> <h4 id="issue-authentication-failures" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Issue: Authentication Failures</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="issue-authentication-failures" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Issue: Authentication Failures"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p><strong>Symptoms</strong>: &ldquo;Access denied&rdquo; errors</p> <p><strong>Diagnosis</strong>: Check audit logs:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">grep <span class="s2">&#34;authentication.*failure&#34;</span> /var/log/geode/audit.jsonl </span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Solutions</strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Verify username/password are correct</li> <li>Check account isn&rsquo;t locked</li> <li>Ensure user has database access</li> </ul> <h4 id="issue-permission-denied-errors" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Issue: Permission Denied Errors</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="issue-permission-denied-errors" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Issue: Permission Denied Errors"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p><strong>Symptoms</strong>: &ldquo;Insufficient privileges&rdquo; errors</p> <p><strong>Diagnosis</strong>:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="py">SHOW</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">GRANTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">alice</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p><strong>Solutions</strong>:</p> <ul> <li>Grant necessary permissions</li> <li>Check RLS policies aren&rsquo;t overly restrictive</li> <li>Verify user is accessing correct database</li> </ul> <h3 id="related-topics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Related Topics</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-topics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Topics"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><ul> <li><strong><a href="/tags/authentication/" >Authentication</a> </strong>: Authentication mechanisms in depth</li> <li><strong><a href="/tags/encryption/" >Encryption</a> </strong>: Encryption implementation details</li> <li><strong><a href="/tags/row-level-security/" >Row-Level Security</a> </strong>: RLS policies and patterns</li> <li><strong><a href="/tags/tde/" >TDE</a> </strong>: Transparent Data Encryption</li> <li><strong><a href="/tags/fle/" >FLE</a> </strong>: Field-Level Encryption</li> <li><strong><a href="/tags/compliance/" >Compliance</a> </strong>: Regulatory compliance</li> <li><strong><a href="/tags/audit-logging/" >Audit Logging</a> </strong>: Audit logging configuration</li> </ul> <h3 id="further-reading" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Further Reading</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="further-reading" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Further Reading"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><ul> <li><strong>Security Overview</strong>: <code>/docs/security/overview/</code></li> <li><strong>Authentication Guide</strong>: <code>/docs/security/authentication/</code></li> <li><strong>Authorization and RBAC</strong>: <code>/docs/security/authorization/</code></li> <li><strong>Encryption Best Practices</strong>: <code>/docs/security/encryption/</code></li> <li><strong>Compliance Guide</strong>: <code>/docs/security/compliance/</code></li> <li><strong>Security Hardening Checklist</strong>: <code>/docs/security/hardening/</code></li> </ul>

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