<!-- CANARY: REQ=REQ-DOCS-001; FEATURE="Docs"; ASPECT=Documentation; STATUS=TESTED; OWNER=docs; UPDATED=2026-01-15 --> <p>Row-Level Security (RLS) in Geode provides fine-grained access control at the node and relationship level, allowing you to restrict which graph elements users can access based on flexible policy rules. This is essential for multi-tenant applications, data privacy compliance, and protecting sensitive information within shared graph databases.</p> <h3 id="understanding-row-level-security" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Understanding Row-Level Security</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="understanding-row-level-security" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Understanding Row-Level Security"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> <i class="fa-solid fa-xmark"></i> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; 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inset: 0; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); z-index: 1050; padding: 1rem; backdrop-filter: blur(4px); -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(4px); } .heading-share-modal[hidden] { display: none !important; } .hsm-dialog { max-width: 420px; width: 100%; background: var(--bs-body-bg, #fff); color: var(--bs-body-color, #212529); border: 1px solid var(--bs-border-color, rgba(0,0,0,0.1)); border-radius: 1rem; box-shadow: 0 25px 50px -12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25); overflow: hidden; animation: hsm-fade-in 0.2s ease-out; } @keyframes hsm-fade-in { from { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0.95); } to { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); } } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-dialog { background: #1e293b; border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1); color: #f8f9fa; } .hsm-header { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; padding: 1rem 1.5rem; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--bs-border-color, rgba(0,0,0,0.1)); background: rgba(0,0,0,0.02); } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-header { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.02); border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1); } .hsm-close { background: transparent; border: none; color: inherit; opacity: 0.5; padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem; border-radius: 0.25rem; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s; } .hsm-close:hover { opacity: 1; } .hsm-body { padding: 1.5rem; } .hsm-url-group { display: flex !important; align-items: stretch; } .hsm-url-group .form-control { flex: 1; min-width: 0; margin: 0; background: var(--bs-secondary-bg, #f8f9fa); border-color: var(--bs-border-color, #dee2e6); border-top-right-radius: 0; border-bottom-right-radius: 0; height: 42px; } .hsm-url-group .btn { flex: 0 0 auto; margin: 0; margin-left: -1px; border-top-left-radius: 0; border-bottom-left-radius: 0; height: 42px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 0 1.25rem; z-index: 2; } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-url-group .form-control { background: #0f172a; border-color: #334155; color: #e2e8f0; } .hsm-share-grid { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.5rem; } .hsm-share-grid .btn { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 0.9rem; padding: 0.6rem; border-color: var(--bs-border-color); width: 100%; } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-share-grid .btn { color: #e2e8f0; border-color: #475569; } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-share-grid .btn:hover { background: #334155; border-color: #cbd5e1; } </style> <script> (function(){ const modal = document.getElementById('headingShareModal'); if(!modal) return; const input = modal.querySelector('#headingShareInput'); const copyBtn = modal.querySelector('.hsm-copy'); const twitter = modal.querySelector('#share-twitter'); const linkedin = modal.querySelector('#share-linkedin'); const facebook = modal.querySelector('#share-facebook'); const closeBtn = modal.querySelector('.hsm-close'); let lastFocus=null; let trapBound=false; function buildUrl(id){ return window.location.origin + window.location.pathname + '#' + id; } function isOpen(){ return !modal.hasAttribute('hidden'); } function hydrate(id){ const url=buildUrl(id); input.value=url; const enc=encodeURIComponent(url); const text=encodeURIComponent(document.title); if(twitter) twitter.href=`https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=${enc}&text=${text}`; if(linkedin) linkedin.href=`https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=${enc}`; if(facebook) facebook.href=`https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=${enc}`; } function openModal(id){ lastFocus=document.activeElement; hydrate(id); if(!isOpen()){ modal.removeAttribute('hidden'); } requestAnimationFrame(()=>{ input.focus(); }); trapFocus(); } function closeModal(){ if(!isOpen()) return; modal.setAttribute('hidden',''); if(lastFocus && typeof lastFocus.focus==='function') lastFocus.focus(); } function copyCurrent(){ try{ navigator.clipboard.writeText(input.value).then(()=>feedback(true),()=>fallback()); } catch(e){ fallback(); } } function fallback(){ input.select(); try{ document.execCommand('copy'); feedback(true);}catch(e){ feedback(false);} } function feedback(ok){ if(!copyBtn) return; const icon=copyBtn.querySelector('i'); if(!icon) return; const prev=copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')||icon.className; if(!copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')) copyBtn.setAttribute('data-prev',prev); icon.className= ok ? 'fa-duotone fa-clipboard-check':'fa-duotone fa-circle-exclamation'; setTimeout(()=>{ icon.className=prev; },1800); } function handleShareClick(e){ e.preventDefault(); const btn=e.currentTarget; const id=btn.getAttribute('data-share-target'); if(id) openModal(id); } function bindShareButtons(){ document.querySelectorAll('.h-share').forEach(btn=>{ if(!btn.dataset.hShareBound){ btn.addEventListener('click', handleShareClick); btn.dataset.hShareBound='1'; } }); } bindShareButtons(); if(document.readyState==='loading'){ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bindShareButtons); } else { requestAnimationFrame(bindShareButtons); } document.addEventListener('click', function(e){ const shareBtn=e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.h-share'); if(shareBtn && !shareBtn.dataset.hShareBound){ handleShareClick.call(shareBtn, e); } }, true); document.addEventListener('click', e=>{ if(e.target===modal) closeModal(); if(e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-close')){ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); } if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script><p>Traditional database access control operates at the table or column level, granting or denying access to entire datasets. Row-Level Security goes further by controlling access to individual rows (in Geode&rsquo;s case, nodes and relationships) based on the context of the query and the user executing it.</p> <p>In graph databases, RLS enables:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Multi-tenant isolation</strong>: Different customers see only their data</li> <li><strong>Data compartmentalization</strong>: Users access only data relevant to their role</li> <li><strong>Privacy compliance</strong>: Automatic filtering of sensitive information</li> <li><strong>Hierarchical access</strong>: Organizational structures reflected in data access</li> <li><strong>Attribute-based access</strong>: Access based on node properties and relationships</li> </ul> <h3 id="rls-policy-basics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>RLS Policy Basics</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="rls-policy-basics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: RLS Policy Basics"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><p>RLS policies in Geode consist of:</p> <ul> <li><strong>Target</strong>: The node labels or relationship types the policy applies to</li> <li><strong>Operation</strong>: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE</li> <li><strong>Role</strong>: Which users/roles the policy applies to</li> <li><strong>Condition</strong>: A GQL expression that determines access</li> </ul> <h4 id="creating-basic-policies" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Creating Basic Policies</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="creating-basic-policies" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Creating Basic Policies"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Only</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">allow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">users</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">their</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">own</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">data</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user_isolation</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Person</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">authenticated_user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">person_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Allow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">managers</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">their</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">team</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="py">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">data</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">manager_team_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">manager</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">manager_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Allow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">admins</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">everything</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">admin_full_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Person</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ALL</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">admin</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">true</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="policy-evaluation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Policy Evaluation</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="policy-evaluation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Policy Evaluation"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p>When a query executes, Geode:</p> <ol> <li>Identifies the user&rsquo;s roles</li> <li>Finds all applicable RLS policies</li> <li>Combines policy conditions with AND logic for restrictive policies</li> <li>Combines policy conditions with OR logic for permissive policies</li> <li>Automatically adds conditions to query WHERE clauses</li> </ol> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">User</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">executes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">this</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">query</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="nc">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">p</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">Person</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">RETURN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">p</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">p</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">email</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">With</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user_isolation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policy</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Geode</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">executes</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">p</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">Person</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">p</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">person_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Automatically</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">added</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">by</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">RLS</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">RETURN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">p</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">p</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">email</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="multi-tenant-applications" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Multi-Tenant Applications</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="multi-tenant-applications" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Multi-Tenant Applications"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><p>RLS is ideal for SaaS applications serving multiple customers:</p> <h4 id="tenant-isolation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Tenant Isolation</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="tenant-isolation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Tenant Isolation"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">isolation</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policy</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_isolation</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Applies</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">all</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">type</span><span class="nc">s</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ALL</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">n</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">tenant_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_tenant_id</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Optionally</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">restrict</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">at</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">relationship</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">level</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">too</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_relationship_isolation</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">()</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="py">r</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ALL</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">start_node</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">r</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">tenant_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_tenant_id</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">end_node</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">r</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">tenant_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_tenant_id</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div><p>Every node includes a <code>tenant_id</code> property:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">customer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">with</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ID</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(:</span><span class="nc">Customer</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="nc">Acme</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Corp</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_id</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="nc">tenant_123</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">email</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="nc">contact</span><span class="nd">@acme</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">com</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="p">})</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">User</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_123</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">can</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">this</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Users</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">other</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenants</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">cannot</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="shared-reference-data" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Shared Reference Data</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="shared-reference-data" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Shared Reference Data"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p>Some data may be shared across tenants:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Allow</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">all</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenants</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">shared</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">reference</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">data</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">shared_data_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ReferenceData</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">is_shared</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">true</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_tenant_id</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">shared</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">data</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(:</span><span class="nc">ReferenceData</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">type</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="nc">country</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">name</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="nc">United</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">States</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">is_shared</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">true</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="p">})</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="hierarchical-access-control" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Hierarchical Access Control</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="hierarchical-access-control" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Hierarchical Access Control"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><p>Model organizational hierarchies with RLS:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employees</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">can</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">their</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">own</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">data</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee_self_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">employee_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Managers</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">can</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">their</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">direct</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">reports</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">manager_reports_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">manager</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">manager_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Directors</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">can</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">entire</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">department</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">director_department_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">director</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">department</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">IN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">get_managed_departments</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Executives</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">can</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">everything</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">executive_all_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">executive</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">true</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="graph-based-hierarchy" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Graph-Based Hierarchy</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="graph-based-hierarchy" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Graph-Based Hierarchy"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p>Use the graph structure itself for hierarchical access:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Access</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">based</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">organizational</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">graph</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">structure</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">org_hierarchy_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">EXISTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">path</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">current</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="py">id</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">current_user</span><span class="p">()})</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="nc">MANAGES</span><span class="err">*</span><span class="py">0</span><span class="err">..</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="err">-&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">e</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">Employee</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">e</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">this</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="py">this</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">refers</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">the</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">node</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">being</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">checked</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="attribute-based-access-control" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Attribute-Based Access Control</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="attribute-based-access-control" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Attribute-Based Access Control"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><p>Define access based on node properties:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Access</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">based</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">security</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">clearance</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">level</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">clearance_based_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Document</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">required_clearance</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">get_user_clearance</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Access</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">based</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">classification</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">classification_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">DataAsset</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">analyst</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">classification</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">IN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="py">public</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="py">internal</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">classification</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="py">confidential</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user_has_approval</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">(),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">this</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">id</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Time</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="py">based</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">time_limited_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TemporaryData</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">valid_from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&lt;</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_timestamp</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">valid_until</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&gt;</span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_timestamp</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="column-level-security-with-rls" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Column-Level Security with RLS</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="column-level-security-with-rls" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Column-Level Security with RLS"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><p>Restrict access to specific properties:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Policy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">that</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="py">ly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">exposes</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">certain</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">properties</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee_limited_view</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">public</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">WITH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">COLUMNS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">title</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">department</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">email</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">is_public_directory_enabled</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">true</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Sensitive</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">properties</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">like</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">salary</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">not</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">included</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">e</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">Employee</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">RETURN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">e</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">name</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">e</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">salary</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">salary</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">is</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">NULL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">public</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">role</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="conditional-insertupdate-policies" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Conditional Insert/Update Policies</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conditional-insertupdate-policies" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conditional Insert/Update Policies"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><p>Control data modifications with RLS:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Users</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">can</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="py">ly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">insert</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">data</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">their</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_insert_restriction</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">INSERT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">n</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">tenant_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_tenant_id</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Users</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">can</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="py">ly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">update</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">their</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">own</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">data</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">self_update_only</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Person</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">UPDATE</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">authenticated_user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">person_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Prevent</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">deletion</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">of</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">archived</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">records</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">prevent_archive_deletion</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Record</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">DELETE</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">status</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="py">archived</span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="policy-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Policy Functions</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="policy-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Policy Functions"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><p>Create reusable functions for complex policies:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Define</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">helper</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">function</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FUNCTION</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">is_accessible_to_user</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">node_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">STRING</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">STRING</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">RETURNS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">BOOLEAN</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">AS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">$$</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">u</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">User</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="py">id</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$user_id</span><span class="p">})</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">n</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="py">id</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$node_id</span><span class="p">})</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">RETURN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">EXISTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">u</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="nc">HAS_ACCESS</span><span class="p">|</span><span class="py">MANAGES</span><span class="err">*</span><span class="py">1</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="mf">.3</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="err">-&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">$$;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Use</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policy</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">complex_access_policy</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Document</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">is_accessible_to_user</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">this</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">id</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">()))</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="performance-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Performance Optimization</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Optimization"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><p>RLS policies can impact query performance if not carefully designed:</p> <h4 id="index-filtered-properties" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Index Filtered Properties</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="index-filtered-properties" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Index Filtered Properties"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">frequently</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">filtered</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">property</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">INDEX</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_id_index</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">n</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">tenant_id</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Policy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">uses</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">indexed</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">property</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_isolation</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">n</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">tenant_user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">n</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">tenant_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_tenant_id</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Uses</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">index</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="avoid-complex-subqueries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Avoid Complex Subqueries</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="avoid-complex-subqueries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Avoid Complex Subqueries"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Inefficient</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Complex</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">EXISTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">subquery</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">every</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">node</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">slow_policy</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Document</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">EXISTS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">u</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">User</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="py">id</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">current_user</span><span class="p">()})</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="nc">BELONGS_TO</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="err">-&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">g</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">Group</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="p">[:</span><span class="nc">CAN_ACCESS</span><span class="p">]</span><span class="err">-&gt;</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">this</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">More</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">efficient</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">Pre</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="py">compute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">accessible</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">documents</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">fast_policy</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Document</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">this</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">IN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">get_accessible_documents</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Cached</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">function</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="policy-caching" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Policy Caching</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="policy-caching" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Policy Caching"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Enable policy evaluation caching</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">geode serve --rls-cache-enabled<span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">true</span> <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --rls-cache-size<span class="o">=</span>100MB <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --rls-cache-ttl<span class="o">=</span>300s </span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="testing-rls-policies" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Testing RLS Policies</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="testing-rls-policies" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Testing RLS Policies"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><p>Verify policies work correctly:</p> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Test</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">specific</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ROLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="py">employee</span><span class="err">&#39;;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SESSION</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="py">alice</span><span class="nd">@example</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">com</span><span class="err">&#39;;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">e</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">Employee</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">RETURN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Should</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kd">on</span><span class="py">ly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">accessible</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employees</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Test</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">as</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">admin</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">SET</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ROLE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">&#39;</span><span class="py">admin</span><span class="err">&#39;;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">e</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">Employee</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">RETURN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">count</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Should</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">see</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">all</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employees</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Verify</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">enforcement</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">EXPLAIN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">MATCH</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">e</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="nc">Employee</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">RETURN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">e</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Plan</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">should</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">show</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">RLS</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">filter</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">WHERE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">e</span><span class="err">.</span><span class="py">employee_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="automated-policy-testing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Automated Policy Testing</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="automated-policy-testing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Automated Policy Testing"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># Run RLS policy test suite</span> </span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">geode test-rls --policy<span class="o">=</span>employee_access <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --test-users<span class="o">=</span>alice,bob,admin <span class="se">\ </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="se"></span> --expected-results<span class="o">=</span>test-cases.json </span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="policy-management" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Policy Management</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="policy-management" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Policy Management"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3> <h4 id="viewing-policies" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Viewing Policies</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="viewing-policies" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Viewing Policies"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">List</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">all</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policies</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">SHOW</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICIES</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Show</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policies</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">for</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">specific</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">label</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">SHOW</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICIES</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Show</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">details</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">DESCRIBE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee_self_access</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="modifying-policies" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Modifying Policies</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="modifying-policies" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Modifying Policies"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Drop</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policy</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">DROP</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee_self_access</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Recreate</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">with</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">updated</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">condition</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee_self_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">employee_id</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">is_manager</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">true</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Disable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policy</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">temporarily</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee_self_access</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">DISABLE</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="err">--</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Re</span><span class="err">-</span><span class="py">enable</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">policy</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"></span><span class="py">ALTER</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee_self_access</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ENABLE</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="best-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Best Practices</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="best-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Best Practices"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><ol> <li><strong>Start with deny-all</strong>: Create restrictive policies by default, then grant access</li> <li><strong>Use indexed properties</strong>: Filter on indexed properties for performance</li> <li><strong>Test thoroughly</strong>: Verify policies with different user roles and scenarios</li> <li><strong>Keep policies simple</strong>: Complex policies are hard to maintain and slow to evaluate</li> <li><strong>Document policies</strong>: Clearly document the intent and scope of each policy</li> <li><strong>Monitor performance</strong>: Track query performance impact of RLS policies</li> <li><strong>Use policy functions</strong>: Extract complex logic into reusable functions</li> <li><strong>Regular audits</strong>: Periodically review and update policies</li> <li><strong>Principle of least privilege</strong>: Grant minimum necessary access</li> <li><strong>Combine with RBAC</strong>: Use RLS together with role-based access control</li> </ol> <h3 id="common-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Common Patterns</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="common-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Common Patterns"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3> <h4 id="department-based-access" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Department-Based Access</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="department-based-access" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Department-Based Access"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">department_isolation</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">department_user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">department</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">get_user_department</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">()))</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="time-based-access" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Time-Based Access</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="time-based-access" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Time-Based Access"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">business_hours_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SensitiveData</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">employee</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">extract_hour</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">current_timestamp</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">BETWEEN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">9</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">17</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">extract_dow</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">current_timestamp</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">BETWEEN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">1</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">AND</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">5</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">)</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="geographic-restrictions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Geographic Restrictions</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="geographic-restrictions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Geographic Restrictions"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">geographic_restriction</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">CustomerData</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">SELECT</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">analyst</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">region</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">IN</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">get_user_regions</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">()))</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h4 id="data-owner-access" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Data Owner Access</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-owner-access" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Owner Access"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="py">CREATE</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">POLICY</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">owner_access</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ON</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">Document</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">FOR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">ALL</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">TO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">user</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">USING</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="py">created_by</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">OR</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">owner</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="py">current_user</span><span class="p">())</span><span class="err">;</span><span class="w"> </span></span></span></code></pre></div> <h3 id="troubleshooting" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Troubleshooting</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="troubleshooting" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Troubleshooting"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3> <h4 id="policy-not-applied" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Policy Not Applied</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="policy-not-applied" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Policy Not Applied"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><p>Check that:</p> <ol> <li>User has correct role assigned</li> <li>Policy target matches query pattern</li> <li>Policy is enabled: <code>SHOW POLICIES</code></li> <li>No conflicting policies</li> </ol> <h4 id="performance-issues" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Performance Issues</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-issues" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Issues"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><ol> <li>Add indexes on filtered properties</li> <li>Simplify policy conditions</li> <li>Use policy evaluation caching</li> <li>Monitor with <code>EXPLAIN</code> to see added filters</li> </ol> <h4 id="access-denied-unexpectedly" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Access Denied Unexpectedly</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="access-denied-unexpectedly" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Access Denied Unexpectedly"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h4><ol> <li>Review all applicable policies with <code>SHOW POLICIES</code></li> <li>Test policy condition manually</li> <li>Check if multiple policies conflict</li> <li>Verify user role and session context</li> </ol> <h3 id="related-topics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> <span>Related Topics</span> <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-topics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Topics"> <i class="fa-sharp-duotone fa-solid fa-share-nodes" aria-hidden="true" style="font-size: 0.8em;"></i> <span class="visually-hidden">Share link</span> </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/tags/compliance/" >Compliance</a> - Regulatory compliance with RLS</li> <li><a href="/tags/audit-logging/" >Audit Logging</a> - Track RLS policy enforcement</li> <li><a href="/docs/security/authentication/" >Authentication</a> - User authentication and identity</li> <li><a href="/docs/security/authorization/" >Authorization</a> - Role-based access control</li> <li><a href="/docs/performance/" >Performance</a> - Optimizing RLS policy performance</li> <li><a href="/docs/security/" >Security Overview</a> - Security best practices</li> </ul>

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