Query Language and Execution

<h2 id="query-language-and-execution-in-geode" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Language and Execution in Geode <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-language-and-execution-in-geode" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Language and Execution in Geode"> Share link </button> </h2><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Permalink</label> <div class="input-group mb-4 hsm-url-group"> <input id="headingShareInput" type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" readonly aria-readonly="true" style="font-size: 0.85rem;" /> <button class="btn btn-primary hsm-copy" type="button" aria-label="Copy" title="Copy"> </button> </div> <div class="small fw-bold mb-2 text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size: 0.7rem; 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Geode implements the ISO/IEC 39075:2024 Graph Query Language (GQL) standard, providing a powerful, declarative language for pattern matching, traversals, aggregations, and data manipulation across graph structures. <h3 id="introduction-to-graph-querying" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Introduction to Graph Querying <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="introduction-to-graph-querying" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Introduction to Graph Querying"> Share link </button> </h3>Graph queries differ fundamentally from SQL queries: SQL (Relational): <ul> <li>Tables with rows and columns</li> <li>Joins explicitly specified</li> <li>Fixed schema required</li> <li>Path queries complex (recursive CTEs)</li> </ul> GQL (Graph): <ul> <li>Nodes and relationships as first-class citizens</li> <li>Relationships traversed naturally with pattern matching</li> <li>Flexible schema (property graph model)</li> <li>Path queries intuitive with variable-length patterns</li> </ul> Example comparison: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-sql" data-lang="sql">-- SQL: Find friends-of-friends (complex) SELECT DISTINCT u3.name FROM users u1 JOIN friendships f1 ON u1.id = f1.user_id JOIN users u2 ON f1.friend_id = u2.id JOIN friendships f2 ON u2.id = f2.user_id JOIN users u3 ON f2.friend_id = u3.id WHERE u1.name = 'Alice' AND u3.id != u1.id; </code></pre></div><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- GQL: Same query (intuitive) MATCH (u:User {name: 'Alice'})-[:FRIEND]->()-[:FRIEND]->(fof:User) WHERE fof <> u RETURN DISTINCT fof.name; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="gql-query-structure" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> GQL Query Structure <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="gql-query-structure" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: GQL Query Structure"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="basic-pattern-matching" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Basic Pattern Matching <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="basic-pattern-matching" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Basic Pattern Matching"> Share link </button> </h4>MATCH finds patterns in the graph: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Match nodes with label MATCH (u:User) RETURN u.name; -- Match relationships MATCH (u:User)-[:FRIEND]->(friend:User) RETURN u.name, friend.name; -- Match with properties MATCH (p:Product {category: 'Electronics', available: true}) RETURN p.name, p.price; -- Match with WHERE clause MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.age >= 18 AND u.country = 'USA' RETURN u.name, u.email; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="variable-length-paths" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Variable-Length Paths <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="variable-length-paths" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Variable-Length Paths"> Share link </button> </h4>Query paths of varying lengths: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Friends up to 3 hops away MATCH (u:User {id: $user_id})-[:FRIEND*1..3]->(connection:User) RETURN DISTINCT connection.name, length(path) AS hops; -- All paths (use cautiously!) MATCH path = (start:Node)-[:CONNECTED*]->(end:Node) WHERE start.id = $start_id AND end.id = $end_id RETURN path; -- Shortest path MATCH path = shortestPath((start:Node)-[:EDGE*]-(end:Node)) WHERE start.id = $start AND end.id = $end RETURN path, length(path) AS distance; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="data-manipulation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Data Manipulation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-manipulation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Manipulation"> Share link </button> </h4>CREATE, UPDATE, DELETE operations: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create nodes CREATE (u:User { id: $id, name: $name, email: $email, created_at: timestamp() }); -- Create relationships MATCH (u:User {id: $user_id}), (p:Product {id: $product_id}) CREATE (u)-[:PURCHASED { timestamp: timestamp(), price: $price, quantity: $quantity }]->(p); -- Update properties MATCH (u:User {id: $user_id}) SET u.last_login = timestamp(), u.login_count = u.login_count + 1; -- Delete (node and relationships) MATCH (u:User {id: $user_id}) DETACH DELETE u; -- Deletes node and all its relationships </code></pre></div> <h4 id="aggregations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Aggregations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="aggregations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Aggregations"> Share link </button> </h4>Group and aggregate data: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Count by category MATCH (p:Product) RETURN p.category, count(p) AS product_count ORDER BY product_count DESC; -- Average, sum, min, max MATCH (u:User)-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) RETURN u.name, count(p) AS purchases, avg(p.price) AS avg_price, sum(p.price) AS total_spent, min(p.price) AS cheapest, max(p.price) AS most_expensive; -- Collect into lists MATCH (u:User)-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) RETURN u.name, collect(p.name) AS purchased_products; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="query-execution-process" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Execution Process <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-execution-process" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Execution Process"> Share link </button> </h3>Understanding how Geode executes queries helps write efficient queries: <h4 id="1-parsing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 1. Parsing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="1-parsing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 1. Parsing"> Share link </button> </h4>Query text parsed into Abstract Syntax Tree (AST): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (u:User {country: 'USA'})-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) WHERE p.price > 100 RETURN u.name, p.name; </code></pre></div>Parsed structure: <ul> <li>MATCH clause: Pattern with node filters</li> <li>WHERE clause: Additional predicates</li> <li>RETURN clause: Projection</li> </ul> <h4 id="2-planning" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 2. Planning <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="2-planning" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 2. Planning"> Share link </button> </h4>Optimizer generates execution plan: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">EXPLAIN MATCH (u:User {country: 'USA'})-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) WHERE p.price > 100 RETURN u.name, p.name; -- Plan: Project(u.name, p.name) Filter(p.price > 100) Expand((User)-[:PURCHASED]->(Product)) IndexSeek(User.country = 'USA') </code></pre></div> <h4 id="3-execution" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 3. Execution <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="3-execution" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 3. Execution"> Share link </button> </h4>Plan executed step-by-step: <ol> <li>IndexSeek: Find Users in USA (fast)</li> <li>Expand: Follow PURCHASED relationships</li> <li>Filter: Keep only products with price > 100</li> <li>Project: Return requested properties</li> </ol> <h4 id="4-result-streaming" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 4. Result Streaming <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="4-result-streaming" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 4. Result Streaming"> Share link </button> </h4>Results streamed to client as they’re produced (not buffered entirely). <h3 id="common-query-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Common Query Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="common-query-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Common Query Patterns"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="pattern-1-recommendation-engine" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern 1: Recommendation Engine <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-1-recommendation-engine" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern 1: Recommendation Engine"> Share link </button> </h4>Collaborative filtering using graph traversals: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Find products bought by similar users MATCH (me:User {id: $my_id})-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) <-[:PURCHASED]-(similar:User)-[:PURCHASED]->(recommendation:Product) WHERE NOT (me)-[:PURCHASED]->(recommendation) WITH recommendation, count(similar) AS similar_users WHERE similar_users >= 3 RETURN recommendation.name, recommendation.price, similar_users ORDER BY similar_users DESC LIMIT 10; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-2-social-network-analysis" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern 2: Social Network Analysis <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-2-social-network-analysis" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern 2: Social Network Analysis"> Share link </button> </h4>Find influential users (high centrality): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Count followers (in-degree centrality) MATCH (u:User)<-[:FOLLOWS]-(follower) WITH u, count(follower) AS follower_count WHERE follower_count > 100 RETURN u.name, follower_count ORDER BY follower_count DESC LIMIT 50; -- Find mutual connections MATCH (me:User {id: $my_id})-[:FRIEND]-(mutual)-[:FRIEND]-(them:User {id: $their_id}) RETURN mutual.name, mutual.email; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-3-fraud-detection" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern 3: Fraud Detection <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-3-fraud-detection" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern 3: Fraud Detection"> Share link </button> </h4>Detect suspicious patterns: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Find accounts sharing devices but claiming to be different people MATCH (u1:User)-[:LOGGED_IN_FROM]->(device:Device)<-[:LOGGED_IN_FROM]-(u2:User) WHERE u1.id < u2.id AND u1.email <> u2.email AND u1.address = u2.address RETURN u1.name, u2.name, device.fingerprint, count(*) AS shared_logins ORDER BY shared_logins DESC; -- Circular transfers (possible money laundering) MATCH path = (a1:Account)-[:TRANSFER*4..6]->(a1) WHERE reduce(total = 0, r IN relationships(path) | total + r.amount) > 10000 RETURN path, reduce(total = 0, r IN relationships(path) | total + r.amount) AS total_amount; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-4-knowledge-graph-queries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern 4: Knowledge Graph Queries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-4-knowledge-graph-queries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern 4: Knowledge Graph Queries"> Share link </button> </h4>Semantic queries over structured knowledge: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Find entities related through multiple relationship types MATCH (entity:Entity {name: 'Artificial Intelligence'}) -[r:RELATED_TO|PART_OF|INFLUENCES*1..2]-(related:Entity) RETURN related.name, collect(type(r)) AS relationship_types, count(r) AS connection_strength ORDER BY connection_strength DESC LIMIT 20; -- Find experts on a topic MATCH (topic:Topic {name: $topic_name})<-[:WROTE_ABOUT]-(article:Article) <-[:AUTHORED]-(author:Person) WITH author, count(article) AS article_count WHERE article_count >= 5 RETURN author.name, author.affiliation, article_count ORDER BY article_count DESC; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="query-optimization-tips" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Optimization Tips <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-optimization-tips" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Optimization Tips"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="tip-1-use-indexes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Tip 1: Use Indexes <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="tip-1-use-indexes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Tip 1: Use Indexes"> Share link </button> </h4>Create indexes on frequently filtered properties: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Without index: slow (full scan) MATCH (u:User {email: 'alice@example.com'}) RETURN u; -- Create index CREATE INDEX user_email ON User(email); -- With index: fast (logarithmic lookup) MATCH (u:User {email: 'alice@example.com'}) RETURN u; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="tip-2-filter-early" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Tip 2: Filter Early <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="tip-2-filter-early" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Tip 2: Filter Early"> Share link </button> </h4>Push filters as close to data source as possible: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- BAD: Filter after expensive traversal MATCH (u:User)-[:FRIEND*1..3]->(connection:User) WHERE u.country = 'USA' RETURN connection.name; -- GOOD: Filter before traversal MATCH (u:User {country: 'USA'})-[:FRIEND*1..3]->(connection:User) RETURN connection.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="tip-3-limit-intermediate-results" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Tip 3: Limit Intermediate Results <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="tip-3-limit-intermediate-results" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Tip 3: Limit Intermediate Results"> Share link </button> </h4>Use LIMIT to bound explosion of intermediate results: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Potentially huge intermediate result MATCH (u:User)-[:FRIEND]->(friend) WITH friend MATCH (friend)-[:LIKES]->(item) RETURN item.name, count(friend) AS likes; -- Bounded intermediate result MATCH (u:User)-[:FRIEND]->(friend) WITH friend LIMIT 1000 -- Limit before expensive second traversal MATCH (friend)-[:LIKES]->(item) RETURN item.name, count(friend) AS likes; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="tip-4-use-parameters" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Tip 4: Use Parameters <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="tip-4-use-parameters" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Tip 4: Use Parameters"> Share link </button> </h4>Parameterized queries enable plan caching: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Plan cached and reused MATCH (u:User {id: $user_id}) RETURN u; -- Different plan for each query (slower) MATCH (u:User {id: 123}) RETURN u; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="client-libraries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Client Libraries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="client-libraries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Client Libraries"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="python-client" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Python Client <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="python-client" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Python Client"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from geode_client import Client import asyncio async def query_example(): client = Client(host="localhost", port=3141) async with client.connection() as conn: # Simple query result, _ = await conn.query(""" MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.country = $country RETURN u.name, u.email ORDER BY u.name LIMIT 10 """, {"country": "USA"}) # Iterate results for row in result.rows: print(f"{row['name'].as_string}: {row['email'].as_string}") # Transaction await conn.begin() try: await conn.execute( """ CREATE (u:User {id: $id, name: $name}) """, {"id": 123, "name": "Alice"}, ) await conn.execute( """ MATCH (u:User {id: $id}) SET u.verified = true """, {"id": 123}, ) await conn.commit() except Exception: await conn.rollback() raise asyncio.run(query_example()) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="go-client" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Go Client <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="go-client" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Go Client"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go">import ( "database/sql" _ "geodedb.com/geode" ) func queryExample() { db, err := sql.Open("geode", "quic://localhost:3141") if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer db.Close() // Parameterized query rows, err := db.Query(` MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.age >= $1 RETURN u.name, u.age ORDER BY u.age DESC `, 18) if err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } defer rows.Close() for rows.Next() { var name string var age int if err := rows.Scan(&name, &age); err != nil { log.Fatal(err) } fmt.Printf("%s: %d\n", name, age) } } </code></pre></div> <h3 id="performance-considerations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Considerations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-considerations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Considerations"> Share link </button> </h3>Query latency depends on: <ul> <li>Index utilization (indexed vs. full scan)</li> <li>Result cardinality (10 rows vs. 1M rows)</li> <li>Graph complexity (1 hop vs. 6 hops)</li> <li>Concurrent load (single query vs. high-concurrency workloads)</li> </ul> Typical performance (mid-range server): <ul> <li>Indexed point lookup: <1ms (typically 100-500us)</li> <li>Simple 1-2 hop traversal: 1-5ms</li> <li>Complex 3-4 hop pattern: 10-100ms</li> <li>Analytical aggregation: 100-500ms for ~1M rows</li> </ul> Use PROFILE to measure: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">PROFILE MATCH (u:User {id: $id})-[:FRIEND*1..2]->(connection) RETURN connection.name; -- Shows: -- - Time per operation -- - Rows processed -- - Index usage -- - Cache hits </code></pre></div> <h3 id="related-topics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Topics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-topics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Topics"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/tags/gql/" >GQL</a> : GQL standard and syntax</li> <li><a href="/tags/query-optimization/" >Query Optimization</a> : Deep dive into optimization</li> <li><a href="/tags/pattern-matching/" >Pattern Matching</a> : Pattern matching techniques</li> <li><a href="/tags/performance/" >Performance</a> : Performance tuning</li> <li><a href="/tags/indexing/" >Indexing</a> : Index strategies</li> <li><a href="/tags/explain/" >Explain</a> : Query plan analysis</li> </ul> <h3 id="further-reading" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Further Reading <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="further-reading" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Further Reading"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li>GQL Language Guide: <code>/docs/gql/language-guide/</code></li> <li>Query Patterns: <code>/docs/gql/query-patterns/</code></li> <li>Optimization Guide: <code>/docs/performance/query-optimization/</code></li> <li>Client Libraries: <code>/docs/client-libraries/overview/</code></li> <li>API Reference: <code>/docs/api-reference/gql-syntax/</code></li> </ul> <h3 id="advanced-query-optimization-techniques" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced Query Optimization Techniques <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-query-optimization-techniques" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced Query Optimization Techniques"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="query-plan-caching" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Plan Caching <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-plan-caching" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Plan Caching"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode caches compiled query plans for repeated queries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from geode_client import Client import asyncio async def demonstrate_plan_caching(): client = Client(host="localhost", port=3141) async with client.connection() as conn: # Prepared statement - plan cached stmt = await conn.prepare(""" MATCH (u:User {id: $user_id})-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) WHERE p.price > $min_price RETURN p.name, p.price ORDER BY p.price DESC """) # Execute multiple times - uses cached plan for user_id in range(1, 1000): result, _ = await stmt.execute( user_id=user_id, min_price=100.0 ) products = [row for row in result.rows] await process_products(products) async def process_products(products): pass # Process product list asyncio.run(demonstrate_plan_caching()) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="adaptive-query-execution" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Adaptive Query Execution <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="adaptive-query-execution" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Adaptive Query Execution"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode’s optimizer adapts based on actual data distribution: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Initial execution: Optimizer estimates cardinality MATCH (u:User)-[:FRIEND]->(f:User) WHERE u.country = $country RETURN count(f) AS friend_count; -- After several executions with different countries: -- Optimizer learns actual selectivity and adjusts plan -- -- High selectivity country (few users): -- Plan: IndexSeek -> Expand -> Count -- -- Low selectivity country (many users): -- Plan: IndexSeek -> Parallel Expand -> Parallel Count </code></pre></div> <h4 id="join-order-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Join Order Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="join-order-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Join Order Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4>Understanding join reordering for complex queries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Original query MATCH (u:User)-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product)<-[:MANUFACTURED]-(m:Manufacturer) WHERE u.country = 'USA' AND m.certified = true AND p.category = 'Electronics' RETURN u.name, p.name, m.name; -- Optimizer reorders to minimize intermediate results: -- 1. Filter manufacturers (certified = true) - smallest set -- 2. Expand to products in Electronics - medium set -- 3. Expand to users in USA - largest set -- -- Execution plan: -- Project(u.name, p.name, m.name) -- HashJoin(p) -- HashJoin(p) -- IndexSeek(Manufacturer.certified = true) -- Expand(MANUFACTURED) -- IndexSeek(Product.category = 'Electronics') -- Expand(PURCHASED) -- IndexSeek(User.country = 'USA') </code></pre></div> <h4 id="materialized-views" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Materialized Views <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="materialized-views" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Materialized Views"> Share link </button> </h4>Create pre-computed results for expensive queries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create materialized view CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW popular_products AS MATCH (p:Product)<-[:PURCHASED]-(u:User) WITH p, count(u) AS purchase_count WHERE purchase_count > 100 RETURN p.id, p.name, p.category, purchase_count ORDER BY purchase_count DESC; -- Query uses materialized view (fast) MATCH (p:PopularProduct) WHERE p.category = 'Electronics' RETURN p.name, p.purchase_count LIMIT 10; -- Refresh materialized view REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW popular_products; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="query-complexity-analysis" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Complexity Analysis <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-complexity-analysis" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Complexity Analysis"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="computational-complexity" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Computational Complexity <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="computational-complexity" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Computational Complexity"> Share link </button> </h4>Understanding query complexity helps predict performance: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- O(1) - Constant time: Direct node lookup by ID MATCH (u:User) WHERE id(u) = $id RETURN u; -- O(log n) - Logarithmic: Indexed property lookup MATCH (u:User {email: $email}) -- Assumes index on email RETURN u; -- O(n) - Linear: Full table scan MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.age > 18 RETURN count(u); -- O(n * m) - Quadratic: Cartesian product MATCH (u:User), (p:Product) -- No relationship filter! RETURN u.name, p.name; -- Danger: n * m rows -- O(n^k) - Exponential: Variable-length paths MATCH (u:User)-[:FRIEND*1..5]->(f:User) -- Can explode RETURN DISTINCT f.name; -- O(n log n) - Linearithmic: Sort operation MATCH (u:User) RETURN u.name ORDER BY u.created_at </code></pre></div> <h4 id="query-cost-estimation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Cost Estimation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-cost-estimation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Cost Estimation"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"># Estimate query cost before execution from geode_client import Client async def estimate_query_cost(query, params): client = Client(host="localhost", port=3141) async with client.connection() as conn: # Get query plan plan = await client.explain(query, params) # Analyze estimated costs total_rows = plan.estimated_rows total_cost = plan.estimated_cost print(f"Estimated rows: {total_rows}") print(f"Estimated cost: {total_cost}") print(f"Plan operators: {len(plan.operators)}") if total_cost > 100000: print("WARNING: Expensive query detected") print("Consider adding indexes or rewriting") return plan </code></pre></div> <h3 id="real-time-query-monitoring" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Real-Time Query Monitoring <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="real-time-query-monitoring" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Real-Time Query Monitoring"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="query-performance-tracking" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Performance Tracking <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-performance-tracking" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Performance Tracking"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from prometheus_client import Histogram, Counter import time # Metrics query_latency = Histogram( 'geode_query_latency_seconds', 'Query execution latency', ['query_type', 'cache_status'], buckets=[0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0] ) query_total = Counter( 'geode_queries_total', 'Total number of queries', ['status'] ) async def monitored_query(client, query, params): start = time.time() cache_hit = False try: result, _ = await client.query(query, params) query_total.labels(status='success').inc() # Check if result came from cache if hasattr(result, 'from_cache'): cache_hit = result.from_cache rows = [row for row in result.rows] latency = time.time() - start query_latency.labels( query_type='read' if 'MATCH' in query else 'write', cache_status='hit' if cache_hit else 'miss' ).observe(latency) return rows except Exception as e: query_total.labels(status='error').inc() raise </code></pre></div> <h4 id="slow-query-logging" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Slow Query Logging <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="slow-query-logging" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Slow Query Logging"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">import logging from functools import wraps logger = logging.getLogger('geode.slow_queries') def log_slow_queries(threshold_seconds=1.0): def decorator(func): @wraps(func) async def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): start = time.time() result = await func(*args, **kwargs) duration = time.time() - start if duration > threshold_seconds: logger.warning( f"Slow query detected: {duration:.2f}s\n" f"Query: {kwargs.get('query', 'unknown')}\n" f"Params: {kwargs.get('params', {})}" ) return result return wrapper return decorator @log_slow_queries(threshold_seconds=2.0) async def execute_query(client, query, params): result, _ = await client.query(query, params) return result </code></pre></div> <h3 id="query-pattern-catalog" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Pattern Catalog <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-pattern-catalog" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Pattern Catalog"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="pattern-pagination" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern: Pagination <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-pagination" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern: Pagination"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Offset-based pagination (simple but slow for large offsets) MATCH (p:Product) WHERE p.available = true RETURN p.id, p.name, p.price ORDER BY p.created_at DESC SKIP $offset LIMIT $page_size; -- Cursor-based pagination (fast and scalable) MATCH (p:Product) WHERE p.available = true AND p.created_at < $cursor_timestamp RETURN p.id, p.name, p.price, p.created_at ORDER BY p.created_at DESC LIMIT $page_size; -- Keyset pagination (best for large datasets) MATCH (p:Product) WHERE p.available = true AND (p.created_at < $cursor_date OR (p.created_at = $cursor_date AND p.id > $cursor_id)) RETURN p.id, p.name, p.price, p.created_at ORDER BY p.created_at DESC, p.id LIMIT $page_size; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-deduplication" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern: Deduplication <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-deduplication" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern: Deduplication"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Remove duplicates in results MATCH (u:User)-[:FRIEND*1..2]->(connection:User) WHERE u.id = $user_id RETURN DISTINCT connection.id, connection.name; -- Deduplicate using aggregation MATCH (u:User)-[:LIKES]->(item:Item) WITH item, collect(DISTINCT u.id) AS likers RETURN item.name, size(likers) AS unique_likes; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-top-k-with-aggregation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern: Top-K with Aggregation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-top-k-with-aggregation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern: Top-K with Aggregation"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Find top 10 users by purchase amount MATCH (u:User)-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) WITH u, sum(p.price) AS total_spent ORDER BY total_spent DESC LIMIT 10 RETURN u.name, total_spent; -- Top products per category MATCH (p:Product) WITH p.category AS category, p ORDER BY p.sales DESC WITH category, collect(p)[0..10] AS top_products RETURN category, [p IN top_products | {name: p.name, sales: p.sales}]; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-time-based-windows" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern: Time-Based Windows <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-time-based-windows" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern: Time-Based Windows"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Aggregate data into time buckets MATCH (event:Event) WHERE event.timestamp >= datetime('2025-01-01T00:00:00Z') WITH duration.truncate(event.timestamp, 'hour') AS hour, event.type AS event_type RETURN hour, event_type, count(*) AS event_count ORDER BY hour, event_type; -- Rolling window aggregation MATCH (metric:Metric) WHERE metric.timestamp >= datetime() - duration('P1D') WITH metric ORDER BY metric.timestamp WITH metric, avg(metric.value) OVER ( ORDER BY metric.timestamp ROWS BETWEEN 11 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW ) AS moving_average RETURN metric.timestamp, metric.value, moving_average; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="troubleshooting-query-issues" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Troubleshooting Query Issues <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="troubleshooting-query-issues" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Troubleshooting Query Issues"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="issue-cartesian-product" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Issue: Cartesian Product <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="issue-cartesian-product" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Issue: Cartesian Product"> Share link </button> </h4>Symptom: Query returns millions of rows unexpectedly <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- PROBLEM: Accidental Cartesian product MATCH (u:User), (p:Product) WHERE u.country = 'USA' -- Filters users but creates cross product RETURN u.name, p.name; -- Returns every user × every product -- SOLUTION: Add relationship constraint MATCH (u:User)-[:INTERESTED_IN]->(p:Product) WHERE u.country = 'USA' RETURN u.name, p.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="issue-unbounded-variable-length-paths" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Issue: Unbounded Variable-Length Paths <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="issue-unbounded-variable-length-paths" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Issue: Unbounded Variable-Length Paths"> Share link </button> </h4>Symptom: Query never completes <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- PROBLEM: Unbounded path traversal MATCH (u:User {id: $id})-[:FRIEND*]->(f:User) RETURN f.name; -- May traverse entire graph! -- SOLUTION: Add upper bound MATCH (u:User {id: $id})-[:FRIEND*1..3]->(f:User) RETURN DISTINCT f.name LIMIT 100; -- Also add result limit </code></pre></div> <h4 id="issue-missing-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Issue: Missing Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="issue-missing-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Issue: Missing Index"> Share link </button> </h4>Symptom: Full table scan on large dataset <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Check current indexes CALL dbms.indexes.list() YIELD name, labels, properties RETURN name, labels, properties; -- Identify missing index from slow query PROFILE MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.email = $email RETURN u; -- Shows: TableScan instead of IndexSeek -- Create missing index CREATE INDEX user_email_idx FOR (u:User) ON (u.email); -- Verify index usage EXPLAIN MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.email = $email RETURN u; -- Now shows: IndexSeek(user_email_idx) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="issue-lock-contention" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Issue: Lock Contention <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="issue-lock-contention" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Issue: Lock Contention"> Share link </button> </h4>Symptom: Transaction aborts with serialization errors <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"># Solution: Implement retry with exponential backoff import asyncio import random from geode_client import QueryError async def execute_with_retry(client, query, params, max_attempts=5): for attempt in range(max_attempts): async with client.connection() as conn: await conn.begin() try: result, _ = await conn.query(query, params) await conn.commit() return [row for row in result.rows] except QueryError as exc: await conn.rollback() if "SERIALIZATION" not in str(exc): raise if attempt == max_attempts - 1: raise # Exponential backoff with jitter delay = (2 ** attempt) * 0.1 * random.uniform(0.5, 1.5) await asyncio.sleep(delay) </code></pre></div>

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