ISO/IEC 39075:2024 Standard

ISO/IEC 39075:2024 is the international standard for GQL (Graph Query Language), defining a vendor-neutral, declarative query language for property graph databases. 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Declarative Syntax <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="1-declarative-syntax" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 1. Declarative Syntax"> Share link </button> </h4>GQL follows SQL’s declarative approach - describe what you want, not how to get it: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Declarative: what to find MATCH (u:User)-[:FRIEND]->(f:User) WHERE u.name = 'Alice' RETURN f.name // Not imperative: how to find it // (Query optimizer determines execution plan) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="2-pattern-matching" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 2. Pattern Matching <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="2-pattern-matching" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 2. Pattern Matching"> Share link </button> </h4>Visual ASCII art syntax for intuitive graph patterns: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Pattern syntax mirrors graph structure (node1)-[relationship]->(node2) // Example (alice:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(bob:Person)-[:LIVES_IN]->(city:City) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="3-composability" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 3. Composability <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="3-composability" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 3. Composability"> Share link </button> </h4>Build complex queries from simple building blocks: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Simple patterns compose into complex queries MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.age > 25 WITH u, SIZE((u)-[:FRIEND]->()) AS friends WHERE friends > 10 RETURN u.name, friends ORDER BY friends DESC LIMIT 10 </code></pre></div> <h4 id="4-property-graph-model" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 4. Property Graph Model <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="4-property-graph-model" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 4. Property Graph Model"> Share link </button> </h4>Based on labeled property graph model: <ul> <li>Nodes: Entities with labels and properties</li> <li>Relationships: Directed edges with type and properties</li> <li>Properties: Key-value pairs on nodes and relationships</li> <li>Labels: Categories for nodes</li> <li>Types: Categories for relationships</li> </ul> <h3 id="standard-structure" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Standard Structure <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="standard-structure" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Standard Structure"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="part-1-framework-foundation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Part 1: Framework (Foundation) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="part-1-framework-foundation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Part 1: Framework (Foundation)"> Share link </button> </h4>Defines overall architecture, terminology, and concepts. Key Sections: <ul> <li>§1: Scope and normative references</li> <li>§2: Terms and definitions</li> <li>§3: Symbols and conventions</li> <li>§4: Concepts (property graph model)</li> </ul> <h4 id="part-2-foundation-data-language" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Part 2: Foundation (Data Language) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="part-2-foundation-data-language" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Part 2: Foundation (Data Language)"> Share link </button> </h4>Core GQL language specification. Key Sections: <ul> <li>§5: Lexical elements (keywords, identifiers, literals)</li> <li>§6: Data types (scalar, temporal, collection)</li> <li>§7: Graph patterns (nodes, relationships, paths)</li> <li>§8: Data manipulation (CREATE, DELETE, SET, MERGE)</li> <li>§9: Query expressions (MATCH, WHERE, RETURN, WITH)</li> <li>§10: Operators (comparison, logical, arithmetic)</li> <li>§11: Functions (aggregation, string, mathematical, temporal)</li> <li>§12: Schema (indexes, constraints)</li> <li>§13: Transactions (BEGIN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK)</li> </ul> <h4 id="part-3-advanced-features" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Part 3: Advanced Features <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="part-3-advanced-features" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Part 3: Advanced Features"> Share link </button> </h4>Extended functionality beyond core language. Key Sections: <ul> <li>§14: Subqueries (EXISTS, COUNT)</li> <li>§15: CASE expressions</li> <li>§16: List comprehensions</li> <li>§17: Pattern comprehensions</li> <li>§18: User-defined functions (UDFs)</li> <li>§19: Stored procedures</li> </ul> <h3 id="core-language-features" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Core Language Features <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="core-language-features" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Core Language Features"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="pattern-syntax-7" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern Syntax (§7) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-syntax-7" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern Syntax (§7)"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Node pattern (variable:Label1:Label2 {prop1: value1, prop2: value2}) // Relationship pattern -[variable:TYPE1|TYPE2 {prop: value}]-> // Path pattern path = (a)-[:KNOWS*1..3]-(b) // Shortest path path = SHORTEST (a)-[:KNOWS*]-(b) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="data-manipulation-8" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Data Manipulation (§8) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-manipulation-8" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Manipulation (§8)"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// CREATE CREATE (n:Label {property: value}) // DELETE DELETE n DETACH DELETE n // SET SET n.property = value SET n:Label // REMOVE REMOVE n.property REMOVE n:Label // MERGE MERGE (n:Label {key: value}) ON CREATE SET n.created = NOW() ON MATCH SET n.updated = NOW() </code></pre></div> <h4 id="query-clauses-9" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Clauses (§9) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-clauses-9" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Clauses (§9)"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// MATCH - pattern matching MATCH (n:Label) // OPTIONAL MATCH - optional patterns OPTIONAL MATCH (n)-[:REL]->(m) // WHERE - filtering WHERE condition // WITH - pipeline processing WITH expression AS alias // RETURN - result projection RETURN expression AS alias // ORDER BY - sorting ORDER BY expression ASC|DESC // LIMIT/OFFSET - pagination LIMIT count OFFSET skip // UNION - combine results query1 UNION query2 </code></pre></div> <h3 id="data-type-system-6" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Data Type System (§6) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-type-system-6" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Type System (§6)"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="scalar-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Scalar Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="scalar-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Scalar Types"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Boolean: <code>true</code>, <code>false</code>, <code>NULL</code></li> <li>Integer: 64-bit signed integers</li> <li>Float: 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point</li> <li>Decimal: Arbitrary precision decimal</li> <li>String: Unicode text (UTF-8)</li> <li>Bytes: Raw binary data</li> </ul> <h4 id="temporal-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Temporal Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="temporal-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Temporal Types"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Date: Calendar date (no time)</li> <li>Time: Time of day (no date)</li> <li>DateTime: Combined date and time with timezone</li> <li>Duration: Time interval (ISO 8601)</li> </ul> <h4 id="collection-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Collection Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="collection-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Collection Types"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>List: Ordered sequence <code>[1, 2, 3]</code></li> <li>Map: Key-value pairs <code>{key: value}</code></li> <li>Path: Graph traversal path</li> </ul> <h4 id="graph-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Graph Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="graph-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Graph Types"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Node: Graph node reference</li> <li>Relationship: Graph edge reference</li> </ul> <h3 id="operators-10" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Operators (§10) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="operators-10" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Operators (§10)"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="comparison" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Comparison <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="comparison" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Comparison"> Share link </button> </h4><code>=</code>, <code><></code>, <code>!=</code>, <code><</code>, <code>></code>, <code><=</code>, <code>>=</code>, <code>IS NULL</code>, <code>IS NOT NULL</code>, <code>IN</code>, <code>BETWEEN</code> <h4 id="logical" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Logical <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="logical" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Logical"> Share link </button> </h4><code>AND</code>, <code>OR</code>, <code>NOT</code>, <code>XOR</code> <h4 id="arithmetic" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Arithmetic <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="arithmetic" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Arithmetic"> Share link </button> </h4><code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code>, <code>^</code> <h4 id="string" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> String <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="string" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: String"> Share link </button> </h4><code>STARTS WITH</code>, <code>ENDS WITH</code>, <code>CONTAINS</code>, <code>=~</code> (regex) <h4 id="list" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> List <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="list" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: List"> Share link </button> </h4><code>IN</code>, <code>+</code> (concatenation), <code>[index]</code>, <code>[start..end]</code> <h3 id="functions-11" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Functions (§11) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="functions-11" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Functions (§11)"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="aggregation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Aggregation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="aggregation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Aggregation"> Share link </button> </h4><code>COUNT</code>, <code>SUM</code>, <code>AVG</code>, <code>MIN</code>, <code>MAX</code>, <code>COLLECT</code>, <code>STRING_AGG</code> <h4 id="string-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> String <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="string-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: String"> Share link </button> </h4><code>UPPER</code>, <code>LOWER</code>, <code>TRIM</code>, <code>SUBSTRING</code>, <code>LENGTH</code>, <code>CONCAT</code>, <code>REPLACE</code>, <code>SPLIT</code> <h4 id="mathematical" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Mathematical <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="mathematical" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Mathematical"> Share link </button> </h4><code>ABS</code>, <code>CEIL</code>, <code>FLOOR</code>, <code>ROUND</code>, <code>SQRT</code>, <code>POWER</code>, <code>SIN</code>, <code>COS</code>, <code>TAN</code>, <code>LOG</code>, <code>EXP</code>, <code>RAND</code> <h4 id="temporal" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Temporal <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="temporal" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Temporal"> Share link </button> </h4><code>NOW</code>, <code>CURRENT_DATE</code>, <code>CURRENT_TIME</code>, <code>CURRENT_TIMESTAMP</code>, <code>DATE</code>, <code>DATETIME</code>, <code>TIME</code>, <code>DURATION</code> <h4 id="list-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> List <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="list-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: List"> Share link </button> </h4><code>SIZE</code>, <code>HEAD</code>, <code>LAST</code>, <code>TAIL</code>, <code>REVERSE</code>, <code>RANGE</code> <h4 id="path" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Path <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="path" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Path"> Share link </button> </h4><code>LENGTH</code>, <code>NODES</code>, <code>RELATIONSHIPS</code> <h4 id="type-conversion" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type Conversion <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-conversion" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type Conversion"> Share link </button> </h4><code>TOSTRING</code>, <code>TOINTEGER</code>, <code>TOFLOAT</code>, <code>TOBOOLEAN</code> <h3 id="schema-and-constraints-12" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Schema and Constraints (§12) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="schema-and-constraints-12" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Schema and Constraints (§12)"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="indexes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Indexes <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="indexes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Indexes"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX FOR (n:Label) ON (n.property) CREATE INDEX index_name FOR (n:Label) ON (n.prop1, n.prop2) DROP INDEX index_name SHOW INDEXES </code></pre></div> <h4 id="constraints" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Constraints <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="constraints" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Constraints"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE CONSTRAINT ON (n:Label) ASSERT n.property IS UNIQUE CREATE CONSTRAINT ON (n:Label) ASSERT EXISTS(n.property) DROP CONSTRAINT constraint_name SHOW CONSTRAINTS </code></pre></div> <h3 id="transaction-model-13" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transaction Model (§13) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transaction-model-13" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transaction Model (§13)"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="acid-properties" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> ACID Properties <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="acid-properties" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: ACID Properties"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Atomicity: All-or-nothing execution</li> <li>Consistency: Valid state transitions</li> <li>Isolation: Concurrent transaction isolation</li> <li>Durability: Committed changes persist</li> </ul> <h4 id="transaction-control" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transaction Control <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transaction-control" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transaction Control"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN TRANSACTION // statements COMMIT // Or ROLLBACK // Savepoints SAVEPOINT savepoint_name ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT savepoint_name </code></pre></div> <h4 id="isolation-levels" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Isolation Levels <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="isolation-levels" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Isolation Levels"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>SERIALIZABLE: Strongest isolation (default)</li> <li>READ COMMITTED: Read committed data only</li> <li>READ UNCOMMITTED: Read uncommitted data</li> </ul> <h3 id="error-handling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Error Handling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="error-handling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Error Handling"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="error-codes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Error Codes <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="error-codes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Error Codes"> Share link </button> </h4>ISO/IEC 39075:2024 aligns with SQL error codes: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Class</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>00xxx</td> <td>Success</td> </tr> <tr> <td>01xxx</td> <td>Warning</td> </tr> <tr> <td>02xxx</td> <td>No data</td> </tr> <tr> <td>21xxx</td> <td>Cardinality violation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>22xxx</td> <td>Data exception</td> </tr> <tr> <td>23xxx</td> <td>Constraint violation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>42xxx</td> <td>Syntax error</td> </tr> <tr> <td>40xxx</td> <td>Transaction rollback</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="error-format" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Error Format <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="error-format" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Error Format"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-json" data-lang="json">{ "code": "42000", "message": "Syntax error: unexpected token", "position": 12, "sqlstate": "42000" } </code></pre></div> <h3 id="standard-conformance" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Standard Conformance <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="standard-conformance" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Standard Conformance"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="conformance-levels" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Conformance Levels <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conformance-levels" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conformance Levels"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Core: Mandatory features all implementations must support</li> <li>Enhanced: Optional features for extended functionality</li> <li>Full: Core + all Enhanced features</li> </ol> Geode implements Full conformance. <h4 id="conformance-claims" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Conformance Claims <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conformance-claims" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conformance Claims"> Share link </button> </h4>Implementations must document: <ul> <li>Which features are supported</li> <li>Test results from ISO test suite</li> <li>Deviations or extensions</li> </ul> <h3 id="extensions-and-future-work" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Extensions and Future Work <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="extensions-and-future-work" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Extensions and Future Work"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="planned-extensions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Planned Extensions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="planned-extensions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Planned Extensions"> Share link </button> </h4>ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32/WG 3 is considering: <ul> <li>Temporal graph queries (time-traveling graphs)</li> <li>Recursive common table expressions (CTEs)</li> <li>Graph analytics functions</li> <li>Streaming query extensions</li> <li>Multi-graph operations</li> </ul> <h4 id="vendor-extensions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Vendor Extensions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vendor-extensions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Vendor Extensions"> Share link </button> </h4>While compliant, implementations may add: <ul> <li>Additional index types (vector, full-text)</li> <li>Custom functions</li> <li>Performance optimizations</li> <li>Platform-specific features</li> </ul> <h3 id="comparison-to-other-standards" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Comparison to Other Standards <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="comparison-to-other-standards" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Comparison to Other Standards"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="vs-sql-isoiec-9075" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> vs. SQL (ISO/IEC 9075) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vs-sql-isoiec-9075" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: vs. SQL (ISO/IEC 9075)"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Similarity: Declarative syntax, ACID transactions, type system</li> <li>Difference: Graph patterns vs. table joins</li> <li>Complementary: GQL for graphs, SQL for tables</li> </ul> <h4 id="vs-sparql-w3c" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> vs. SPARQL (W3C) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vs-sparql-w3c" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: vs. SPARQL (W3C)"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Similarity: Graph query languages</li> <li>Difference: SPARQL for RDF graphs, GQL for property graphs</li> <li>Model: SPARQL (subject-predicate-object), GQL (labeled property graphs)</li> </ul> <h4 id="vs-cypher-opencypher" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> vs. Cypher (openCypher) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vs-cypher-opencypher" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: vs. Cypher (openCypher)"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Relationship: GQL builds on Cypher concepts</li> <li>Standardization: GQL is ISO standard, Cypher is community specification</li> <li>Evolution: GQL formalizes and extends Cypher patterns</li> </ul> <h3 id="implementation-in-geode" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Implementation in Geode <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="implementation-in-geode" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Implementation in Geode"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode provides: <ul> <li>100% compliance: Documented scope and diagnostics</li> <li>Standards Documentation: ISO section references throughout</li> <li>Test Verification: Continuous profile-based testing</li> </ul> <h3 id="related-topics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Topics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-topics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Topics"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li>GQL Compliance: Geode’s conformance details</li> <li>GQL Reference: Complete language documentation</li> <li>GQL Syntax: Syntax guide</li> <li>ISO GQL: Implementation notes</li> </ul> <h3 id="further-reading" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Further Reading <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="further-reading" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Further Reading"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/tags/gql-compliance/" >GQL Compliance</a> - Conformance details</li> <li><a href="/tags/iso-gql/" >ISO GQL Implementation</a> - Implementation guide</li> <li><a href="/tags/gql-reference/" >GQL Reference</a> - Language reference</li> <li><a href="/tags/gql-syntax/" >GQL Syntax</a> - Syntax guide</li> <li><a href="https://www.iso.org/standard/76120.html" aria-label="Official ISO Standard – opens in new window" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" >Official ISO Standard ↗ </a> - Purchase from ISO</li> </ul> <h3 id="detailed-feature-specification" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Detailed Feature Specification <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="detailed-feature-specification" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Detailed Feature Specification"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="pattern-matching-grammar-7" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern Matching Grammar (§7) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-matching-grammar-7" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern Matching Grammar (§7)"> Share link </button> </h4>Complete BNF grammar for ISO GQL patterns: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bnf" data-lang="bnf"><graph_pattern> ::= <node_pattern> [ <relationship_pattern> <node_pattern> ]* <node_pattern> ::= '(' [ <variable> ] [ <label_expression> ] [ <property_specification> ] ')' <label_expression> ::= ':' <label_name> [ ':' <label_name> ]* <property_specification> ::= '{' <property> [ ',' <property> ]* '}' <property> ::= <property_name> ':' <expression> <relationship_pattern> ::= '-' '[' [ <variable> ] [ <type_expression> ] [ <property_specification> ] ']' '->' | '<-' '[' [ <variable> ] [ <type_expression> ] [ <property_specification> ] ']' '-' | '-' '[' [ <variable> ] [ <type_expression> ] [ <property_specification> ] ']' '-' <type_expression> ::= ':' <type_name> [ '|' <type_name> ]* <variable_length> ::= '*' [ <min_hops> ] [ '..' [ <max_hops> ] ] </code></pre></div> <h4 id="type-system-specification-6" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type System Specification (§6) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-system-specification-6" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type System Specification (§6)"> Share link </button> </h4>Complete type hierarchy: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">Type System Hierarchy ===================== Value Types: ├── NULL ├── Scalar Types │ ├── Boolean │ ├── Numeric │ │ ├── Integer (64-bit signed) │ │ ├── Float (IEEE 754 double) │ │ └── Decimal (arbitrary precision) │ ├── String (UTF-8) │ └── Bytes ├── Temporal Types │ ├── Date (ISO 8601) │ ├── Time (with timezone) │ ├── DateTime (ISO 8601 with timezone) │ └── Duration (ISO 8601 duration) ├── Spatial Types │ └── Point (2D/3D with CRS) ├── Collection Types │ ├── List [ordered, allows duplicates] │ ├── Set [unordered, no duplicates] │ └── Map {key: value pairs} └── Graph Types ├── Node (entity reference) ├── Relationship (edge reference) └── Path (node-relationship sequence) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="function-specification-examples" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Function Specification Examples <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="function-specification-examples" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Function Specification Examples"> Share link </button> </h4>Detailed specifications from ISO §11: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- String Functions (§11.3) FUNCTION substring( str: STRING, start: INTEGER, length: INTEGER? ) RETURNS STRING -- Behavior: -- - start is 0-indexed -- - length is optional (defaults to end of string) -- - Returns empty string if start > string length -- - NULL propagation: NULL input → NULL output MATCH (p:Person) RETURN substring(p.name, 0, 3) AS initials; -- Mathematical Functions (§11.5) FUNCTION round( value: NUMERIC, precision: INTEGER DEFAULT 0 ) RETURNS NUMERIC -- Behavior: -- - Rounds to nearest integer by default -- - precision > 0: decimal places -- - precision < 0: rounds before decimal point -- - Banker's rounding (round half to even) MATCH (p:Product) RETURN round(p.price, 2) AS rounded_price; -- Aggregation Functions (§11.7) FUNCTION count( expression: ANY ) RETURNS INTEGER -- Behavior: -- - count(*): counts all rows including NULL -- - count(expr): counts non-NULL values -- - DISTINCT optional: count(DISTINCT expr) MATCH (u:User) RETURN count(u) AS total_users, count(u.email) AS users_with_email, count(DISTINCT u.country) AS unique_countries; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="advanced-iso-features" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced ISO Features <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-iso-features" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced ISO Features"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="recursive-query-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Recursive Query Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="recursive-query-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Recursive Query Patterns"> Share link </button> </h4>ISO specifies recursive queries through WITH clauses: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Organizational hierarchy traversal WITH RECURSIVE hierarchy AS ( -- Base case MATCH (emp:Employee {id: $start_id}) RETURN emp, 0 AS level UNION ALL -- Recursive case MATCH (h.emp)-[:REPORTS_TO]->(manager:Employee) FROM hierarchy h WHERE h.level < $max_depth RETURN manager AS emp, h.level + 1 AS level ) SELECT emp.name, level FROM hierarchy ORDER BY level, emp.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="window-functions-iso-extension" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Window Functions (ISO Extension) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="window-functions-iso-extension" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Window Functions (ISO Extension)"> Share link </button> </h4>Advanced analytical queries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Running totals and moving averages MATCH (sale:Sale) WHERE sale.date >= date('2025-01-01') RETURN sale.date, sale.amount, sum(sale.amount) OVER ( ORDER BY sale.date ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW ) AS running_total, avg(sale.amount) OVER ( ORDER BY sale.date ROWS BETWEEN 6 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW ) AS moving_avg_7day ORDER BY sale.date; -- Ranking functions MATCH (product:Product) RETURN product.name, product.sales, rank() OVER (ORDER BY product.sales DESC) AS sales_rank, dense_rank() OVER ( PARTITION BY product.category ORDER BY product.sales DESC ) AS category_rank, percent_rank() OVER (ORDER BY product.sales) AS percentile; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="common-table-expressions-ctes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Common Table Expressions (CTEs) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="common-table-expressions-ctes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Common Table Expressions (CTEs)"> Share link </button> </h4>ISO-standard query composition: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Multi-step query with CTEs WITH active_users AS ( MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.last_login >= datetime() - duration('P30D') RETURN u ), power_users AS ( MATCH (u:User)-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) WITH u, count(p) AS purchase_count WHERE purchase_count > 10 RETURN u ), targeted_segment AS ( SELECT * FROM active_users INTERSECT SELECT * FROM power_users ) MATCH (u:User) WHERE u IN targeted_segment RETURN u.email, u.name ORDER BY u.last_login DESC; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="iso-compliance-in-practice" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> ISO Compliance in Practice <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="iso-compliance-in-practice" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: ISO Compliance in Practice"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="real-world-compliance-validation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Real-World Compliance Validation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="real-world-compliance-validation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Real-World Compliance Validation"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">class ProductionComplianceMonitor: """Monitor ISO compliance in production environment.""" def __init__(self, client): self.client = client self.violations = [] async def monitor_query_compliance(self, query, params): """Check if query follows ISO standards.""" violations = [] # Check 1: Use of vendor-specific syntax vendor_patterns = [ r'CALL apoc\.', r'CALL gds\.', r'CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX', # Vendor extension ] for pattern in vendor_patterns: if re.search(pattern, query, re.IGNORECASE): violations.append({ 'type': 'vendor_syntax', 'pattern': pattern, 'message': 'Query uses vendor-specific syntax' }) # Check 2: Parameter usage (should use $param, not string concat) if any(f"'{param}'" in query or f'"{param}"' in query for param in params): violations.append({ 'type': 'sql_injection_risk', 'message': 'Parameters embedded in query string' }) # Check 3: ISO-compliant NULL handling if re.search(r'= NULL|!= NULL', query): violations.append({ 'type': 'incorrect_null_handling', 'message': 'Should use IS NULL/IS NOT NULL' }) if violations: self.violations.extend(violations) logger.warning(f"ISO compliance violations detected: {violations}") return len(violations) == 0 async def generate_compliance_report(self): """Generate production compliance report.""" report = { 'total_queries': len(self.violations) + 1000, # Example 'violations': len(self.violations), 'compliance_rate': 1.0 - (len(self.violations) / 1000), 'violation_types': {} } for violation in self.violations: vtype = violation['type'] report['violation_types'][vtype] = \ report['violation_types'].get(vtype, 0) + 1 return report # Usage in production monitor = ProductionComplianceMonitor(client) @app.middleware("http") async def check_query_compliance(request, call_next): """Middleware to monitor query compliance.""" if hasattr(request.state, 'query'): await monitor.monitor_query_compliance( request.state.query, request.state.params ) response = await call_next(request) return response </code></pre></div> <h4 id="iso-migration-path-from-legacy-systems" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> ISO Migration Path from Legacy Systems <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="iso-migration-path-from-legacy-systems" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: ISO Migration Path from Legacy Systems"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">class LegacyToISOConverter: """Convert legacy graph queries to ISO GQL.""" def __init__(self): self.conversions = {} self.warnings = [] def convert_neo4j_cypher(self, cypher_query): """Convert Neo4j Cypher to ISO GQL.""" iso_query = cypher_query # Conversion 1: DETACH DELETE → DELETE iso_query = re.sub( r'\bDETACH DELETE\b', 'DELETE', iso_query, flags=re.IGNORECASE ) # Conversion 2: exists(n.prop) → n.prop IS NOT NULL iso_query = re.sub( r'\bexists\s*$\s*(\w+)\.(\w+)\s*$', r'\1.\2 IS NOT NULL', iso_query ) # Conversion 3: APOC functions (warn - no direct equivalent) if re.search(r'\bapoc\.', iso_query, re.IGNORECASE): self.warnings.append({ 'type': 'unsupported_function', 'message': 'APOC functions have no ISO equivalent', 'suggestion': 'Implement logic in application code' }) # Conversion 4: Variable-length path syntax iso_query = re.sub( r'-\[(\w+):(\w+)\*(\d+)\.\.(\d+)\]->', r'-[\1:\2*\3..\4]->', iso_query ) return iso_query, self.warnings def convert_gremlin(self, gremlin_query): """Convert Apache Gremlin to ISO GQL.""" # This is more complex due to imperative nature of Gremlin # Simplified example: patterns = { r"g\.V\.hasLabel$'(\w+)'$": r"MATCH (n:\1)", r"\.has$'(\w+)',\s*'([^']+)'$": r"WHERE \1 = '\2'", r"\.values$'(\w+)'$": r"RETURN \1", } iso_query = gremlin_query for gremlin_pattern, gql_pattern in patterns.items(): iso_query = re.sub(gremlin_pattern, gql_pattern, iso_query) return iso_query # Usage converter = LegacyToISOConverter() cypher_query = """ MATCH (n:Person) WHERE exists(n.email) DETACH DELETE n """ iso_query, warnings = converter.convert_neo4j_cypher(cypher_query) print(iso_query) # Output: # MATCH (n:Person) # WHERE n.email IS NOT NULL # DELETE n for warning in warnings: print(f"Warning: {warning['message']}") </code></pre></div> <h3 id="future-iso-standard-evolution" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Future ISO Standard Evolution <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="future-iso-standard-evolution" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Future ISO Standard Evolution"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="proposed-extensions-under-discussion" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Proposed Extensions (Under Discussion) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="proposed-extensions-under-discussion" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Proposed Extensions (Under Discussion)"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Temporal graph queries (proposed for ISO amendment) MATCH (p:Person) FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z' WHERE p.status = 'active' RETURN p.name; -- Graph pattern matching with quantification MATCH (user:User) WHERE ALL x IN (user)-[:PURCHASED]->(products) SATISFIES (x.rating >= 4) RETURN user.name; -- Multi-graph queries MATCH (p:Product) IN GRAPH production_graph, (s:Sale) IN GRAPH analytics_graph WHERE s.product_id = p.id RETURN p.name, sum(s.amount) AS total_sales; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="tracking-standards-updates" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Tracking Standards Updates <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="tracking-standards-updates" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Tracking Standards Updates"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">class ISOStandardsTracker: """Track and notify about ISO GQL standard updates.""" def __init__(self): self.subscription_endpoint = "https://www.iso.org/committee/45342/x/feed" self.last_check = None async def check_for_updates(self): """Check ISO working group for updates.""" feed = await self.fetch_rss_feed(self.subscription_endpoint) updates = [] for entry in feed.entries: if entry.published > self.last_check: updates.append({ 'title': entry.title, 'link': entry.link, 'published': entry.published, 'summary': entry.summary }) self.last_check = datetime.now() return updates async def notify_team(self, updates): """Notify development team of standard updates.""" if not updates: return message = "ISO/IEC 39075 Updates:\n\n" for update in updates: message += f"• {update['title']}\n" message += f" {update['link']}\n\n" await send_slack_notification(channel="#standards", message=message) # Scheduled task async def monitor_iso_standards(): tracker = ISOStandardsTracker() while True: updates = await tracker.check_for_updates() if updates: await tracker.notify_team(updates) await asyncio.sleep(86400) # Daily check </code></pre></div>ISO/IEC 39075:2024 provides a solid, vendor-neutral foundation for graph database applications, ensuring portability, interoperability, and longevity of graph data solutions.

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