Internationalization & Localization (i18n/l10n)

<h2 id="internationalization--localization-i18nl10n" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Internationalization &amp; Localization (i18n/l10n) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="internationalization--localization-i18nl10n" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Internationalization &amp; Localization (i18n/l10n)"> Share link </button> </h2><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Permalink</label> <div class="input-group mb-4 hsm-url-group"> <input id="headingShareInput" type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" readonly aria-readonly="true" style="font-size: 0.85rem;" /> <button class="btn btn-primary hsm-copy" type="button" aria-label="Copy" title="Copy"> </button> </div> <div class="small fw-bold mb-2 text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Share via</div> <div class="hsm-share-grid"> <a id="share-twitter" class="btn btn-outline-secondary w-100" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> <a id="share-linkedin" class="btn btn-outline-secondary w-100" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a id="share-facebook" class="btn btn-outline-secondary w-100" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style> .heading-share-modal { position: fixed; inset: 0; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); z-index: 1050; padding: 1rem; backdrop-filter: blur(4px); -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(4px); } .heading-share-modal[hidden] { display: none !important; } .hsm-dialog { max-width: 420px; width: 100%; background: var(--bs-body-bg, #fff); color: var(--bs-body-color, #212529); border: 1px solid var(--bs-border-color, rgba(0,0,0,0.1)); border-radius: 1rem; box-shadow: 0 25px 50px -12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25); overflow: hidden; animation: hsm-fade-in 0.2s ease-out; } @keyframes hsm-fade-in { from { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0.95); } to { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); } } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-dialog { background: #1e293b; border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1); color: #f8f9fa; } .hsm-header { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; padding: 1rem 1.5rem; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--bs-border-color, rgba(0,0,0,0.1)); background: rgba(0,0,0,0.02); } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-header { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.02); border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1); } .hsm-close { background: transparent; border: none; color: inherit; opacity: 0.5; padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem; border-radius: 0.25rem; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s; } .hsm-close:hover { opacity: 1; } .hsm-body { padding: 1.5rem; } .hsm-url-group { display: flex !important; align-items: stretch; } .hsm-url-group .form-control { flex: 1; min-width: 0; margin: 0; background: var(--bs-secondary-bg, #f8f9fa); border-color: var(--bs-border-color, #dee2e6); border-top-right-radius: 0; border-bottom-right-radius: 0; height: 42px; } .hsm-url-group .btn { flex: 0 0 auto; margin: 0; margin-left: -1px; border-top-left-radius: 0; border-bottom-left-radius: 0; height: 42px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 0 1.25rem; z-index: 2; } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-url-group .form-control { background: #0f172a; border-color: #334155; color: #e2e8f0; } .hsm-share-grid { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.5rem; } .hsm-share-grid .btn { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 0.9rem; padding: 0.6rem; border-color: var(--bs-border-color); width: 100%; } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-share-grid .btn { color: #e2e8f0; border-color: #475569; } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-share-grid .btn:hover { background: #334155; border-color: #cbd5e1; } </style> <script> (function(){ const modal = document.getElementById('headingShareModal'); if(!modal) return; const input = modal.querySelector('#headingShareInput'); const copyBtn = modal.querySelector('.hsm-copy'); const twitter = modal.querySelector('#share-twitter'); const linkedin = modal.querySelector('#share-linkedin'); const facebook = modal.querySelector('#share-facebook'); const closeBtn = modal.querySelector('.hsm-close'); let lastFocus=null; let trapBound=false; function buildUrl(id){ return window.location.origin + window.location.pathname + '#' + id; } function isOpen(){ return !modal.hasAttribute('hidden'); } function hydrate(id){ const url=buildUrl(id); input.value=url; const enc=encodeURIComponent(url); const text=encodeURIComponent(document.title); if(twitter) twitter.href=`https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=${enc}&text=${text}`; if(linkedin) linkedin.href=`https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=${enc}`; if(facebook) facebook.href=`https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=${enc}`; } function openModal(id){ lastFocus=document.activeElement; hydrate(id); if(!isOpen()){ modal.removeAttribute('hidden'); } requestAnimationFrame(()=>{ input.focus(); }); trapFocus(); } function closeModal(){ if(!isOpen()) return; modal.setAttribute('hidden',''); if(lastFocus && typeof lastFocus.focus==='function') lastFocus.focus(); } function copyCurrent(){ try{ navigator.clipboard.writeText(input.value).then(()=>feedback(true),()=>fallback()); } catch(e){ fallback(); } } function fallback(){ input.select(); try{ document.execCommand('copy'); feedback(true);}catch(e){ feedback(false);} } function feedback(ok){ if(!copyBtn) return; const icon=copyBtn.querySelector('i'); if(!icon) return; const prev=copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')||icon.className; if(!copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')) copyBtn.setAttribute('data-prev',prev); icon.className= ok ? 'fa-duotone fa-clipboard-check':'fa-duotone fa-circle-exclamation'; setTimeout(()=>{ icon.className=prev; },1800); } function handleShareClick(e){ e.preventDefault(); const btn=e.currentTarget; const id=btn.getAttribute('data-share-target'); if(id) openModal(id); } function bindShareButtons(){ document.querySelectorAll('.h-share').forEach(btn=>{ if(!btn.dataset.hShareBound){ btn.addEventListener('click', handleShareClick); btn.dataset.hShareBound='1'; } }); } bindShareButtons(); if(document.readyState==='loading'){ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bindShareButtons); } else { requestAnimationFrame(bindShareButtons); } document.addEventListener('click', function(e){ const shareBtn=e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.h-share'); if(shareBtn && !shareBtn.dataset.hShareBound){ handleShareClick.call(shareBtn, e); } }, true); document.addEventListener('click', e=>{ if(e.target===modal) closeModal(); if(e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-close')){ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); } if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script>Geode provides comprehensive internationalization (i18n) and localization (l10n) support for building global applications. From full Unicode support to locale-aware string operations, Geode enables you to build graph applications that serve users worldwide with proper language, cultural, and regional conventions. <h3 id="understanding-i18n-vs-l10n" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Understanding i18n vs l10n <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="understanding-i18n-vs-l10n" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Understanding i18n vs l10n"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="internationalization-i18n" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Internationalization (i18n) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="internationalization-i18n" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Internationalization (i18n)"> Share link </button> </h4>The process of designing software to support multiple languages and regions without code changes: <ul> <li>Unicode Support: Full UTF-8 encoding for all text data</li> <li>Locale Independence: Core functionality works regardless of locale</li> <li>Extensibility: Easy addition of new languages and regions</li> <li>Data Separation: Content separated from code</li> </ul> <h4 id="localization-l10n" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Localization (l10n) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="localization-l10n" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Localization (l10n)"> Share link </button> </h4>The process of adapting software for specific languages and regions: <ul> <li>Translation: User interface and messages in local language</li> <li>Cultural Adaptation: Date, time, number, and currency formats</li> <li>Regional Compliance: Legal and regulatory requirements</li> <li>Local Conventions: Sorting, collation, and comparison rules</li> </ul> <h3 id="unicode-support" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Unicode Support <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="unicode-support" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Unicode Support"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="utf-8-encoding" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> UTF-8 Encoding <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="utf-8-encoding" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: UTF-8 Encoding"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode uses UTF-8 encoding throughout: String Storage: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Store text in any language CREATE (:Document { title_en: 'Hello World', title_zh: '你好世界', title_ar: 'مرحبا بالعالم', title_ru: 'Привет мир', title_ja: 'こんにちは世界', title_hi: 'नमस्ते दुनिया', title_emoji: '👋🌍' }); </code></pre></div>Query with Unicode: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Search in multiple scripts MATCH (d:Document) WHERE d.title_zh CONTAINS '世界' OR d.title_ar CONTAINS 'العالم' OR d.title_emoji CONTAINS '🌍' RETURN d; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="unicode-normalization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Unicode Normalization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="unicode-normalization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Unicode Normalization"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode supports Unicode normalization for consistent string comparison: Normalization Forms: <ul> <li>NFC (Canonical Composition): Preferred for most text</li> <li>NFD (Canonical Decomposition): Separates combined characters</li> <li>NFKC (Compatibility Composition): For compatibility</li> <li>NFKD (Compatibility Decomposition): Full decomposition</li> </ul> Example: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create property with combining characters CREATE (:Text { nfc: 'café', -- NFC form (é as single character) nfd: 'café' -- NFD form (e + combining accent) }); -- Query with normalization MATCH (t:Text) WHERE normalize(t.nfc, 'NFC') = normalize(t.nfd, 'NFC') RETURN t; -- Returns match despite different encodings </code></pre></div> <h4 id="character-classification" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Character Classification <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="character-classification" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Character Classification"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Unicode character properties MATCH (user:User) WHERE is_alphabetic(user.name) AND NOT contains_emoji(user.name) RETURN user; -- Case conversion (locale-aware) RETURN to_upper('straße', 'de_DE'); -- 'STRASSE' (German) RETURN to_upper('i', 'tr_TR'); -- 'İ' (Turkish dotted I) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="collation-and-sorting" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Collation and Sorting <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="collation-and-sorting" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Collation and Sorting"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="locale-specific-collation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Locale-Specific Collation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="locale-specific-collation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Locale-Specific Collation"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode supports ICU collation for culturally appropriate sorting: Create Index with Collation: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- German phonebook sorting CREATE INDEX user_name_de ON :User(name) COLLATE 'de_DE@collation=phonebook'; -- Swedish sorting (ä, ö after z) CREATE INDEX user_name_sv ON :User(name) COLLATE 'sv_SE'; -- Chinese pinyin sorting CREATE INDEX user_name_zh ON :User(name) COLLATE 'zh_CN@collation=pinyin'; </code></pre></div>Query with Specific Collation: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Sort using German rules MATCH (u:User) RETURN u.name ORDER BY u.name COLLATE 'de_DE' LIMIT 100; -- Case-insensitive sorting MATCH (p:Product) RETURN p.name ORDER BY p.name COLLATE 'en_US@strength=secondary' LIMIT 50; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="collation-strength-levels" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Collation Strength Levels <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="collation-strength-levels" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Collation Strength Levels"> Share link </button> </h4>Primary: Base character differences only <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- 'a' = 'A' = 'á' = 'Á' ORDER BY name COLLATE 'en_US@strength=primary' </code></pre></div>Secondary: Accents matter <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- 'a' = 'A' but 'a' ≠ 'á' ORDER BY name COLLATE 'en_US@strength=secondary' </code></pre></div>Tertiary: Case matters <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- 'a' ≠ 'A' and 'a' ≠ 'á' ORDER BY name COLLATE 'en_US@strength=tertiary' </code></pre></div>Quaternary: Punctuation and spaces matter <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- All differences considered ORDER BY name COLLATE 'en_US@strength=quaternary' </code></pre></div> <h4 id="language-specific-sorting-examples" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Language-Specific Sorting Examples <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="language-specific-sorting-examples" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Language-Specific Sorting Examples"> Share link </button> </h4>Swedish (å, ä, ö at end): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (c:City) WHERE c.country = 'Sweden' RETURN c.name ORDER BY c.name COLLATE 'sv_SE'; -- Result: Malmö, Stockholm, Västerås, Örebro </code></pre></div>Czech (ch as single letter): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.country = 'Czech Republic' RETURN p.surname ORDER BY p.surname COLLATE 'cs_CZ'; -- Result: Havel, Horak, Chlup (ch after h) </code></pre></div>Japanese (mixed scripts): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.country = 'Japan' RETURN u.name ORDER BY u.name COLLATE 'ja_JP@collation=unihan'; -- Sorts hiragana, katakana, kanji appropriately </code></pre></div> <h3 id="locale-aware-operations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Locale-Aware Operations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="locale-aware-operations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Locale-Aware Operations"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="date-and-time-formatting" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Date and Time Formatting <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="date-and-time-formatting" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Date and Time Formatting"> Share link </button> </h4>Store timestamps in UTC, display in local time: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Store event with timezone CREATE (:Event { name: 'Product Launch', timestamp: datetime('2025-06-15T14:00:00Z'), timezone: 'America/New_York' }); -- Query with timezone conversion MATCH (e:Event) RETURN e.name, e.timestamp, datetime_in_timezone(e.timestamp, 'America/New_York') AS local_time, datetime_in_timezone(e.timestamp, 'Europe/London') AS london_time, datetime_in_timezone(e.timestamp, 'Asia/Tokyo') AS tokyo_time; </code></pre></div>Locale-Specific Formatting: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Format dates per locale MATCH (order:Order) RETURN order.id, format_date(order.created, 'en_US') AS us_date, -- "06/15/2025" format_date(order.created, 'en_GB') AS uk_date, -- "15/06/2025" format_date(order.created, 'de_DE') AS german_date, -- "15.06.2025" format_date(order.created, 'zh_CN') AS chinese_date; -- "2025年6月15日" </code></pre></div> <h4 id="number-formatting" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Number Formatting <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="number-formatting" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Number Formatting"> Share link </button> </h4>Currency Formatting: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (product:Product) RETURN product.name, format_currency(product.price, 'USD', 'en_US') AS us_price, -- "$29.99" format_currency(product.price, 'EUR', 'de_DE') AS euro_price, -- "29,99 €" format_currency(product.price, 'JPY', 'ja_JP') AS yen_price, -- "¥2,999" format_currency(product.price, 'INR', 'hi_IN') AS rupee_price; -- "₹2,499.00" </code></pre></div>Decimal Formatting: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (stat:Statistics) RETURN stat.metric, format_number(stat.value, 'en_US') AS us_format, -- "1,234.56" format_number(stat.value, 'de_DE') AS de_format, -- "1.234,56" format_number(stat.value, 'fr_FR') AS fr_format; -- "1 234,56" </code></pre></div> <h4 id="string-comparison" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> String Comparison <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="string-comparison" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: String Comparison"> Share link </button> </h4>Case-Insensitive Comparison: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Turkish locale (special I handling) MATCH (u:User) WHERE compare_locale(u.username, 'İbrahim', 'tr_TR', ignoreCase: true) = 0 RETURN u; -- General case-insensitive MATCH (c:Customer) WHERE compare_locale(c.email, $search_email, 'en_US', ignoreCase: true) = 0 RETURN c; </code></pre></div>Accent-Insensitive Comparison: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- French names (ignore accents) MATCH (p:Person) WHERE compare_locale(p.name, 'Francois', 'fr_FR', ignoreAccents: true) = 0 RETURN p; -- Matches: François, Francois, FRANÇOIS </code></pre></div> <h3 id="right-to-left-rtl-support" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Right-to-Left (RTL) Support <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="right-to-left-rtl-support" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Right-to-Left (RTL) Support"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="rtl-languages" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> RTL Languages <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="rtl-languages" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: RTL Languages"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode supports RTL languages (Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Urdu): Store Bidirectional Text: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE (:Article { title_ar: 'مقالة باللغة العربية', title_he: 'מאמר בעברית', content_ar: 'محتوى النص العربي...', direction: 'rtl' }); </code></pre></div>Mixed LTR/RTL Text: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Store text with embedded numbers and Latin text CREATE (:Product { name_ar: 'منتج رقم 123 في category', description_ar: 'وصف المنتج مع email@example.com', bidi_class: 'mixed' }); -- Query preserves bidirectional algorithm MATCH (p:Product) WHERE p.name_ar CONTAINS '123' RETURN p.name_ar; -- Correct visual order preserved </code></pre></div> <h4 id="bidirectional-algorithm" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Bidirectional Algorithm <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="bidirectional-algorithm" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Bidirectional Algorithm"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode implements Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm (UBA): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Explicit direction marks CREATE (:Message { text: 'Hello \u202Eمرحبا\u202C World', -- RLE/PDF marks has_bidi_marks: true }); -- Direction override for display MATCH (m:Message) RETURN m.text, bidi_reorder(m.text, 'RTL') AS rtl_display, bidi_reorder(m.text, 'LTR') AS ltr_display; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="multilingual-data-modeling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Multilingual Data Modeling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="multilingual-data-modeling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Multilingual Data Modeling"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="multiple-language-properties" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Multiple Language Properties <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="multiple-language-properties" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Multiple Language Properties"> Share link </button> </h4>Separate Properties Pattern: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE (:Product { id: 'P123', name_en: 'Laptop Computer', name_es: 'Computadora Portátil', name_fr: 'Ordinateur Portable', name_de: 'Laptop-Computer', name_zh: '笔记本电脑', name_ja: 'ノートパソコン', description_en: 'High-performance laptop...', description_es: 'Portátil de alto rendimiento...', default_lang: 'en' }); </code></pre></div>Query with Language Fallback: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Product) RETURN p.id, COALESCE(p['name_' + $user_lang], p.name_en) AS name, COALESCE(p['description_' + $user_lang], p.description_en) AS description; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="translation-relationships" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Translation Relationships <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="translation-relationships" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Translation Relationships"> Share link </button> </h4>Linked Translations Pattern: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create base content CREATE (base:Content:en { id: 'article-123', title: 'Welcome to Geode', body: 'This is an introduction...', lang: 'en' }); -- Create translations CREATE (es:Content:es { id: 'article-123-es', title: 'Bienvenido a Geode', body: 'Esta es una introducción...', lang: 'es' }); CREATE (fr:Content:fr { id: 'article-123-fr', title: 'Bienvenue à Geode', body: 'Ceci est une introduction...', lang: 'fr' }); -- Link translations MATCH (base:Content:en {id: 'article-123'}), (es:Content:es {id: 'article-123-es'}), (fr:Content:fr {id: 'article-123-fr'}) CREATE (base)-[:TRANSLATION]->(es), (base)-[:TRANSLATION]->(fr); </code></pre></div>Query Translations: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Get content in user's language MATCH (content:Content {id: $content_id}) OPTIONAL MATCH (content)-[:TRANSLATION]->(trans:Content) WHERE trans.lang = $user_lang RETURN COALESCE(trans, content) AS localized_content; -- Get all available translations MATCH (base:Content:en {id: $content_id}) OPTIONAL MATCH (base)-[:TRANSLATION]->(trans) RETURN base.lang AS language, base AS content UNION MATCH (base:Content:en {id: $content_id})-[:TRANSLATION]->(trans) RETURN trans.lang AS language, trans AS content; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="timezone-handling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Timezone Handling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="timezone-handling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Timezone Handling"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="timezone-storage" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Timezone Storage <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="timezone-storage" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Timezone Storage"> Share link </button> </h4>Store All Timestamps in UTC: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE (:Event { name: 'Conference', start_utc: datetime('2025-09-15T14:00:00Z'), end_utc: datetime('2025-09-15T18:00:00Z'), venue_timezone: 'America/New_York' }); </code></pre></div>Convert for Display: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (e:Event) RETURN e.name, datetime_in_timezone(e.start_utc, e.venue_timezone) AS local_start, datetime_in_timezone(e.start_utc, $user_timezone) AS user_start; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="timezone-aware-queries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Timezone-Aware Queries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="timezone-aware-queries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Timezone-Aware Queries"> Share link </button> </h4>Find Events in User’s Timezone: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Events happening "today" in user's timezone MATCH (e:Event) WITH e, datetime_in_timezone(e.start_utc, $user_timezone) AS user_local WHERE date(user_local) = current_date() RETURN e.name, user_local ORDER BY user_local; </code></pre></div>Business Hours Queries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Find stores open now in each timezone MATCH (store:Store) WITH store, datetime_in_timezone(now(), store.timezone) AS store_local_time WHERE time(store_local_time) >= store.open_time AND time(store_local_time) <= store.close_time AND dayofweek(store_local_time) NOT IN [6, 7] -- Weekend check RETURN store.name, store.timezone, store_local_time; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="translation-management" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Translation Management <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="translation-management" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Translation Management"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="translation-workflow" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Translation Workflow <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="translation-workflow" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Translation Workflow"> Share link </button> </h4>Track Translation Status: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE (:TranslationJob { content_id: 'article-123', source_lang: 'en', target_lang: 'es', status: 'pending', created: datetime(), translator: null, completed: null }); -- Assign to translator MATCH (job:TranslationJob {status: 'pending'}), (translator:Translator {languages: ['en', 'es']}) WHERE NOT EXISTS { MATCH (translator)-[:ASSIGNED_TO]->(other:TranslationJob {status: 'in_progress'}) } CREATE (translator)-[:ASSIGNED_TO {assigned_at: datetime()}]->(job) SET job.status = 'in_progress', job.translator = translator.id; </code></pre></div>Translation Memory: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Store translation segments for reuse CREATE (:TranslationSegment { source_lang: 'en', target_lang: 'es', source_text: 'Welcome to our platform', target_text: 'Bienvenido a nuestra plataforma', context: 'greeting', verified: true }); -- Find similar translations MATCH (seg:TranslationSegment) WHERE seg.source_lang = 'en' AND seg.target_lang = 'es' AND similarity(seg.source_text, $new_text) > 0.8 RETURN seg.source_text, seg.target_text, similarity(seg.source_text, $new_text) AS score ORDER BY score DESC LIMIT 5; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="locale-detection-and-selection" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Locale Detection and Selection <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="locale-detection-and-selection" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Locale Detection and Selection"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="user-locale-preferences" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> User Locale Preferences <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="user-locale-preferences" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: User Locale Preferences"> Share link </button> </h4>Store User Preferences: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE (:User { id: 'user123', preferred_language: 'es', preferred_region: 'MX', locale: 'es_MX', timezone: 'America/Mexico_City', date_format: 'dd/MM/yyyy', time_format: '24h', currency: 'MXN', measurement_system: 'metric' }); </code></pre></div>Fallback Chain: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Get content with locale fallback MATCH (u:User {id: $user_id}) WITH u, [u.locale, -- es_MX u.preferred_language, -- es 'en'] AS locale_chain -- default MATCH (content:Content {id: $content_id}) OPTIONAL MATCH (content)-[:TRANSLATION]->(trans:Content) WHERE trans.locale IN locale_chain WITH content, trans, locale_chain ORDER BY indexOf(locale_chain, COALESCE(trans.locale, content.locale)) RETURN COALESCE(trans, content) AS localized LIMIT 1; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="browsersystem-detection" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Browser/System Detection <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="browsersystem-detection" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Browser/System Detection"> Share link </button> </h4>Accept-Language Header Processing: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"># Python client example import geode_client async def get_localized_content(accept_language: str, content_id: str): # Parse Accept-Language: "en-US,en;q=0.9,es;q=0.8" locales = parse_accept_language(accept_language) client = geode_client.open_database() async with client.connection() as conn: result, _ = await conn.query(""" MATCH (content:Content {id: $content_id}) OPTIONAL MATCH (content)-[:TRANSLATION]->(trans:Content) WHERE trans.locale IN $locales WITH content, trans, $locales AS locale_list ORDER BY indexOf(locale_list, COALESCE(trans.locale, content.locale)) RETURN COALESCE(trans, content) AS localized LIMIT 1 """, content_id=content_id, locales=locales) return result.rows[0]['localized'] </code></pre></div> <h3 id="performance-considerations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Considerations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-considerations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Considerations"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="index-optimization-for-i18n" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Index Optimization for i18n <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="index-optimization-for-i18n" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Index Optimization for i18n"> Share link </button> </h4>Separate Indexes per Language: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- More efficient than single multi-language index CREATE INDEX product_name_en ON :Product(name_en); CREATE INDEX product_name_es ON :Product(name_es); CREATE INDEX product_name_fr ON :Product(name_fr); -- With collation CREATE INDEX product_name_de ON :Product(name_de) COLLATE 'de_DE'; </code></pre></div>Language-Specific Full-Text Search: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create language-specific full-text indexes CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX content_en FOR (n:Content) ON (n.title_en, n.body_en) OPTIONS {analyzer: 'english'}; CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX content_es FOR (n:Content) ON (n.title_es, n.body_es) OPTIONS {analyzer: 'spanish'}; CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX content_zh FOR (n:Content) ON (n.title_zh, n.body_zh) OPTIONS {analyzer: 'chinese'}; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="caching-strategies" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Caching Strategies <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="caching-strategies" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Caching Strategies"> Share link </button> </h4>Cache Translated Content: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"># Application-level caching from functools import lru_cache @lru_cache(maxsize=1000) async def get_translation(content_id: str, locale: str): client = geode_client.open_database() async with client.connection() as conn: result, _ = await conn.query(""" MATCH (content:Content {id: $content_id}) OPTIONAL MATCH (content)-[:TRANSLATION]->(trans {locale: $locale}) RETURN COALESCE(trans, content) AS localized """, content_id=content_id, locale=locale) return result.rows[0]['localized'] </code></pre></div> <h3 id="best-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Best Practices <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="best-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Best Practices"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="data-modeling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Data Modeling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-modeling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Modeling"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>UTF-8 Everywhere: Always use UTF-8 encoding</li> <li>Normalize Input: Normalize to NFC before storage</li> <li>Separate Languages: Use separate properties or nodes per language</li> <li>Store Locale Metadata: Track language, region, script</li> <li>UTC for Timestamps: Always store in UTC, display in local time</li> </ol> <h4 id="query-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Patterns"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Locale-Specific Indexes: Create indexes with appropriate collation</li> <li>Fallback Chains: Implement language fallback hierarchies</li> <li>Case Handling: Use locale-aware case conversion</li> <li>Collation in ORDER BY: Specify collation explicitly for sorting</li> </ol> <h4 id="application-integration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Application Integration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="application-integration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Application Integration"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Detect User Locale: From Accept-Language, user profile, or geolocation</li> <li>Format at Display Time: Store raw values, format when presenting</li> <li>Translation Memory: Reuse translations across content</li> <li>Version Translations: Track translation versions with content versions</li> </ol> <h3 id="common-pitfalls" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Common Pitfalls <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="common-pitfalls" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Common Pitfalls"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="avoid" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Avoid <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="avoid" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Avoid"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>String Length Assumptions: “Hello” vs “Zdravstvuyte” (different lengths)</li> <li>Case-Insensitive Without Locale: <code>UPPER()</code> without locale fails for Turkish</li> <li>Naive Date Parsing: Use ISO 8601 or locale-aware parsing</li> <li>Hardcoded Formats: Make date/number formats configurable</li> <li>Single-Language Indexes: Create language-specific indexes</li> <li>ASCII Assumptions: Expect any Unicode character</li> </ul> <h4 id="do" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Do <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="do" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Do"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Test with Real Data: Use actual multilingual content</li> <li>Support RTL: Test with Arabic/Hebrew content</li> <li>Validate Input: Check for proper Unicode encoding</li> <li>Consider Length: Allow for text expansion in translations</li> <li>Use ICU Collation: Leverage ICU for proper sorting</li> </ul> <h3 id="related-topics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Topics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-topics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Topics"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/tags/unicode/" >Unicode</a> : Unicode implementation details</li> <li><a href="/tags/data-modeling/" >Data Modeling</a> : Graph schema design</li> <li><a href="/tags/indexing/" >Indexing</a> : Index strategies for multilingual data</li> <li><a href="/tags/performance/" >Performance</a> : Optimization for i18n workloads</li> <li><a href="/tags/configuration/" >Configuration</a> : Server configuration options</li> </ul> <h3 id="further-reading" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Further Reading <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="further-reading" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Further Reading"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li>Unicode Reference: <code>/docs/reference/unicode-support/</code></li> <li>Server Configuration: <code>/docs/configuration/server-configuration/</code></li> </ul> <h3 id="conclusion" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Conclusion <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conclusion" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conclusion"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode provides comprehensive internationalization and localization support enabling you to build truly global graph applications. From full Unicode support and locale-aware collation to timezone handling and multilingual data modeling, Geode gives you the tools to serve users worldwide with appropriate language and cultural conventions. Key capabilities: <ul> <li>Full UTF-8 Support: Store and query text in any language</li> <li>ICU Collation: Culturally appropriate sorting and comparison</li> <li>Locale-Aware Operations: Date, time, number formatting per locale</li> <li>RTL Support: Proper handling of Arabic, Hebrew, and other RTL scripts</li> <li>Timezone Management: Store UTC, display in user’s timezone</li> <li>Flexible Translation Models: Multiple approaches for multilingual content</li> </ul> Build applications that respect linguistic and cultural diversity with Geode’s i18n features.

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