Built-in Functions

Built-in functions extend GQL with powerful data manipulation, aggregation, and computation capabilities. Geode implements the complete ISO/IEC 39075:2024 function specification plus performance-optimized extensions. <h3 id="function-categories" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Function Categories <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="function-categories" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Function Categories"> Share link </button> </h3><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Permalink</label> <div class="input-group mb-4 hsm-url-group"> <input id="headingShareInput" type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" readonly aria-readonly="true" style="font-size: 0.85rem;" /> <button class="btn btn-primary hsm-copy" type="button" aria-label="Copy" title="Copy"> </button> </div> <div class="small fw-bold mb-2 text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size: 0.7rem; 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closeModal(); } if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script> <h4 id="aggregation-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Aggregation Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="aggregation-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Aggregation Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Compute summary values across result sets: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// COUNT - count rows or non-null values MATCH (u:User) RETURN COUNT(*) AS total_users, COUNT(u.email) AS users_with_email // SUM - sum numeric values MATCH (o:Order) RETURN SUM(o.total) AS revenue // AVG - average of numeric values MATCH (p:Product)-[:HAS_REVIEW]->(r:Review) RETURN p.name, AVG(r.rating) AS avg_rating // MIN/MAX - minimum and maximum values MATCH (u:User) RETURN MIN(u.age) AS youngest, MAX(u.age) AS oldest // COLLECT - collect values into list MATCH (u:User)-[:LIKES]->(p:Product) RETURN u.name, COLLECT(p.name) AS liked_products // String aggregation MATCH (t:Tag) RETURN STRING_AGG(t.name, ', ') AS tag_list </code></pre></div> <h4 id="string-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> String Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="string-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: String Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Text manipulation and analysis: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// UPPER/LOWER - case conversion MATCH (u:User) RETURN UPPER(u.name) AS name_upper, LOWER(u.email) AS email_lower // LENGTH - string length MATCH (p:Post) WHERE LENGTH(p.content) > 280 RETURN p // SUBSTRING - extract substring MATCH (u:User) RETURN SUBSTRING(u.email, 0, POSITION('@', u.email)) AS username // TRIM/LTRIM/RTRIM - remove whitespace MATCH (t:Text) RETURN TRIM(t.value) AS trimmed // CONCAT - concatenate strings MATCH (u:User) RETURN CONCAT(u.first_name, ' ', u.last_name) AS full_name // REPLACE - replace substring MATCH (t:Text) RETURN REPLACE(t.content, 'old', 'new') AS updated // SPLIT - split string into list MATCH (t:Tag) RETURN SPLIT(t.path, '/') AS path_parts // Regular expressions MATCH (p:Product) WHERE p.sku =~ '^PROD-[0-9]{4}$' RETURN p </code></pre></div> <h4 id="mathematical-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Mathematical Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="mathematical-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Mathematical Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Numeric computations: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Basic math RETURN ABS(-42) AS absolute, CEIL(3.14) AS ceiling, FLOOR(3.14) AS floor, ROUND(3.14159, 2) AS rounded, SIGN(-5) AS sign_value // Power and roots RETURN POWER(2, 10) AS power, SQRT(16) AS square_root, EXP(1) AS e, LOG(100) AS natural_log, LOG10(1000) AS log_base_10 // Trigonometry RETURN SIN(3.14159) AS sine, COS(0) AS cosine, TAN(0.785) AS tangent, ASIN(0.5) AS arcsine // Random numbers RETURN RAND() AS random_0_to_1, FLOOR(RAND() * 100) AS random_0_to_99 </code></pre></div> <h4 id="temporal-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Temporal Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="temporal-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Temporal Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Date and time operations: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Current time functions RETURN CURRENT_DATE AS today, CURRENT_TIME AS now_time, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS now_datetime, NOW() AS timestamp // Date construction RETURN DATE('2024-06-15') AS specific_date, DATETIME('2024-06-15T14:30:00') AS specific_datetime // Date components MATCH (e:Event) RETURN e.date.year AS year, e.date.month AS month, e.date.day AS day, e.date.dayOfWeek AS weekday, e.date.weekOfYear AS week // Duration arithmetic MATCH (e:Event) WHERE e.timestamp > NOW() - DURATION('P7D') // Last 7 days RETURN e // Date formatting MATCH (e:Event) RETURN FORMAT_DATETIME(e.timestamp, 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss') AS formatted </code></pre></div> <h4 id="list-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> List Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="list-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: List Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>List manipulation and analysis: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// SIZE - list length MATCH (u:User) RETURN u.tags, SIZE(u.tags) AS tag_count // HEAD/LAST - first and last elements MATCH (u:User) RETURN HEAD(u.tags) AS first_tag, LAST(u.tags) AS last_tag // TAIL - all but first element MATCH (u:User) RETURN TAIL(u.tags) AS remaining_tags // REVERSE - reverse list order MATCH (u:User) RETURN REVERSE(u.scores) AS reversed // RANGE - generate numeric range RETURN RANGE(1, 10) AS one_to_ten, RANGE(0, 100, 10) AS tens // List comprehension MATCH (u:User) RETURN [tag IN u.tags WHERE LENGTH(tag) > 5] AS long_tags, [x IN RANGE(1, 10) | x * x] AS squares // REDUCE - fold/accumulate MATCH (o:Order)-[:CONTAINS]->(i:Item) WITH o, COLLECT(i.price * i.quantity) AS subtotals RETURN o.id, REDUCE(total = 0, price IN subtotals | total + price) AS order_total </code></pre></div> <h4 id="map-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Map Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="map-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Map Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Work with map/object data: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// KEYS - get map keys MATCH (u:User) RETURN KEYS(u.settings) AS setting_keys // VALUES - get map values MATCH (u:User) RETURN VALUES(u.settings) AS setting_values // SIZE - count map entries MATCH (u:User) RETURN SIZE(u.profile) AS profile_field_count // Map access MATCH (u:User) RETURN u.settings['theme'] AS theme, u.settings.notifications AS notifications </code></pre></div> <h4 id="path-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Path Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="path-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Path Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Graph path manipulation: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// LENGTH - path length (number of relationships) MATCH path = (a:User)-[:KNOWS*]->(b:User) WHERE LENGTH(path) <= 3 RETURN path // NODES - extract nodes from path MATCH path = (a:User)-[:KNOWS*]->(b:User) RETURN NODES(path) AS users_in_path // RELATIONSHIPS - extract relationships MATCH path = (a)-[r:KNOWS*]->(b) RETURN RELATIONSHIPS(path) AS connections // Path predicates MATCH path = (a:User)-[:KNOWS*]->(b:User) WHERE ALL(node IN NODES(path) WHERE node.active = true) AND NONE(rel IN RELATIONSHIPS(path) WHERE rel.blocked = true) RETURN path </code></pre></div> <h4 id="type-conversion-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type Conversion Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-conversion-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type Conversion Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Convert between data types: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// To string RETURN TOSTRING(42) AS str, TOSTRING(3.14) AS float_str, TOSTRING(true) AS bool_str // To integer RETURN TOINTEGER('42') AS int, TOINTEGER(3.14) AS truncated // To float RETURN TOFLOAT('3.14') AS float, TOFLOAT(42) AS int_as_float // To boolean RETURN TOBOOLEAN('true') AS bool_true, TOBOOLEAN(1) AS bool_from_int </code></pre></div> <h4 id="conditional-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Conditional Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conditional-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conditional Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Conditional logic and null handling: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// COALESCE - first non-null value MATCH (u:User) RETURN COALESCE(u.nickname, u.username, 'Anonymous') AS display_name // CASE - conditional expressions MATCH (u:User) RETURN u.name, CASE WHEN u.age < 18 THEN 'minor' WHEN u.age < 65 THEN 'adult' ELSE 'senior' END AS age_group // NULLIF - return null if values equal MATCH (u:User) RETURN NULLIF(u.display_name, '') AS name // NULL if empty string </code></pre></div> <h4 id="scalar-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Scalar Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="scalar-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Scalar Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Single-value utilities: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// ID - get node/relationship ID MATCH (n:User) RETURN ID(n) AS node_id // LABELS - get node labels MATCH (n) RETURN LABELS(n) AS node_labels // TYPE - get relationship type MATCH ()-[r]->() RETURN TYPE(r) AS rel_type // PROPERTIES - get all properties MATCH (n:User {id: 123}) RETURN PROPERTIES(n) AS user_props // EXISTS - check existence MATCH (u:User) WHERE EXISTS { (u)-[:PURCHASED]->(:Product) } RETURN u </code></pre></div> <h4 id="hash-and-encoding-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Hash and Encoding Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="hash-and-encoding-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Hash and Encoding Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Cryptographic and encoding operations: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Hash functions RETURN SHA256('password') AS hash, MD5('data') AS md5_hash // Encoding RETURN BASE64_ENCODE('Hello World') AS encoded, BASE64_DECODE('SGVsbG8gV29ybGQ=') AS decoded, URL_ENCODE('hello world') AS url_encoded </code></pre></div> <h3 id="advanced-function-usage" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced Function Usage <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-function-usage" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced Function Usage"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="window-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Window Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="window-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Window Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Compute over partitions: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Row number within partition MATCH (u:User)-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) RETURN u.name, p.name, ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY u.id ORDER BY p.price DESC) AS rank // Running totals MATCH (t:Transaction) RETURN t.date, t.amount, SUM(t.amount) OVER (ORDER BY t.date) AS running_total // Moving averages MATCH (m:Measurement) RETURN m.timestamp, m.value, AVG(m.value) OVER ( ORDER BY m.timestamp ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND 2 FOLLOWING ) AS moving_avg </code></pre></div> <h4 id="user-defined-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> User-Defined Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="user-defined-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: User-Defined Functions"> Share link </button> </h4>Extend with custom functions (Python example): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from geode_client import Client client = Client(host="localhost", port=3141) async with client.connection() as conn: # Register custom function await conn.execute(""" CREATE FUNCTION haversine_distance( lat1 FLOAT, lon1 FLOAT, lat2 FLOAT, lon2 FLOAT ) RETURNS FLOAT LANGUAGE PYTHON AS $$ import math R = 6371 # Earth radius in km dlat = math.radians(lat2 - lat1) dlon = math.radians(lon2 - lon1) a = (math.sin(dlat/2) ** 2 + math.cos(math.radians(lat1)) * math.cos(math.radians(lat2)) * math.sin(dlon/2) ** 2) c = 2 * math.asin(math.sqrt(a)) return R * c $$ """) # Use custom function result, _ = await conn.query(""" MATCH (loc1:Location {name: 'NYC'}), (loc2:Location {name: 'SF'}) RETURN haversine_distance( loc1.lat, loc1.lon, loc2.lat, loc2.lon ) AS distance_km """) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="performance-considerations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Considerations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-considerations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Considerations"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="function-execution-cost" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Function Execution Cost <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="function-execution-cost" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Function Execution Cost"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Aggregations: Process all matching rows (O(n))</li> <li>String operations: Linear in string length</li> <li>Math functions: Constant time (O(1))</li> <li>Path functions: Linear in path length</li> </ul> <h4 id="optimization-tips" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Optimization Tips <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="optimization-tips" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Optimization Tips"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Expensive: function in WHERE with no index MATCH (u:User) WHERE UPPER(u.email) = 'ADMIN@EXAMPLE.COM' RETURN u // Better: index on computed column or filter differently CREATE INDEX FOR (u:User) ON (u.email); MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.email = 'admin@example.com' // Case-insensitive index RETURN u // Avoid repeated function calls MATCH (p:Product) WITH p, LENGTH(p.description) AS desc_len // Compute once WHERE desc_len > 100 AND desc_len < 500 RETURN p </code></pre></div> <h3 id="best-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Best Practices <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="best-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Best Practices"> Share link </button> </h3><ol> <li>Use Indexes: Filter on indexed properties before applying functions</li> <li>Compute Once: Store function results in variables with WITH</li> <li>Null Safety: Always handle potential nulls with COALESCE or IS NULL</li> <li>Type Compatibility: Ensure function arguments match expected types</li> <li>Aggregation Scope: Use GROUP BY explicitly for clarity</li> <li>Function Composition: Chain functions for complex transformations</li> <li>Performance Testing: Profile expensive function calls on realistic data</li> </ol> <h3 id="common-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Common Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="common-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Common Patterns"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="calculate-derived-properties" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Calculate Derived Properties <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="calculate-derived-properties" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Calculate Derived Properties"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (u:User) SET u.full_name = CONCAT(u.first_name, ' ', u.last_name), u.name_length = LENGTH(u.full_name) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="conditional-aggregation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Conditional Aggregation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conditional-aggregation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conditional Aggregation"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (u:User)-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) RETURN u.name, COUNT(p) AS total_purchases, SUM(CASE WHEN p.price > 100 THEN 1 ELSE 0 END) AS expensive_purchases, AVG(CASE WHEN p.category = 'Electronics' THEN p.price ELSE NULL END) AS avg_electronics_price </code></pre></div> <h4 id="time-based-analysis" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Time-Based Analysis <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="time-based-analysis" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Time-Based Analysis"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (e:Event) WHERE e.timestamp >= DATE_TRUNC('month', NOW()) WITH DATE_TRUNC('day', e.timestamp) AS day, COUNT(*) AS count RETURN day, count ORDER BY day </code></pre></div> <h3 id="graph-specific-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Graph-Specific Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="graph-specific-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Graph-Specific Functions"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="shortest-path-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Shortest Path Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="shortest-path-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Shortest Path Functions"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Find shortest path between nodes MATCH path = SHORTEST_PATH((a:User {id: 1})-[:KNOWS*]-(b:User {id: 100})) RETURN path, length(path) AS hops; -- All shortest paths (multiple paths with same length) MATCH paths = ALL_SHORTEST_PATHS((a)-[:RELATED*]-(b)) RETURN paths; -- Weighted shortest path MATCH path = SHORTEST_PATH((a)-[r:ROAD*]-(b)) RETURN path, REDUCE(dist = 0, rel IN relationships(path) | dist + rel.distance) AS total_distance; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="centrality-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Centrality Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="centrality-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Centrality Functions"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- PageRank centrality CALL graph.pagerank(nodes: [:User], relationships: [:FOLLOWS]) YIELD node, score RETURN node.name, score ORDER BY score DESC LIMIT 10; -- Betweenness centrality CALL graph.betweenness([:User], [:KNOWS]) YIELD node, score RETURN node.name, score; -- Degree centrality MATCH (n:User) RETURN n.name, SIZE([(n)-[:FOLLOWS]->() | 1]) AS out_degree, SIZE([()<-[:FOLLOWS]-(n) | 1]) AS in_degree, SIZE([(n)-[:FOLLOWS]-() | 1]) AS total_degree; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="community-detection" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Community Detection <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="community-detection" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Community Detection"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Louvain community detection CALL graph.louvain([:User], [:KNOWS], {iterations: 10}) YIELD node, community SET node.community = community; -- Label propagation CALL graph.label_propagation([:User], [:FOLLOWS]) YIELD node, community RETURN community, COUNT(node) AS size ORDER BY size DESC; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="geospatial-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Geospatial Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="geospatial-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Geospatial Functions"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="distance-calculations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Distance Calculations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="distance-calculations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Distance Calculations"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Haversine distance (km) MATCH (a:Location), (b:Location) RETURN a.name, b.name, geospatial.distance( point({latitude: a.lat, longitude: a.lon}), point({latitude: b.lat, longitude: b.lon}) ) AS distance_km; -- Find locations within radius MATCH (center:Location {name: 'New York'}) MATCH (nearby:Location) WHERE geospatial.distance( point({latitude: center.lat, longitude: center.lon}), point({latitude: nearby.lat, longitude: nearby.lon}) ) < 100 -- 100 km radius RETURN nearby.name, nearby.lat, nearby.lon; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="bounding-box-queries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Bounding Box Queries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="bounding-box-queries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Bounding Box Queries"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Find all locations in bounding box MATCH (loc:Location) WHERE loc.lat >= $min_lat AND loc.lat <= $max_lat AND loc.lon >= $min_lon AND loc.lon <= $max_lon RETURN loc.name, loc.lat, loc.lon; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="json-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> JSON Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="json-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: JSON Functions"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="json-processing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> JSON Processing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="json-processing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: JSON Processing"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Parse JSON string MATCH (d:Document) WITH d, JSON_PARSE(d.content) AS json_obj RETURN json_obj.title, json_obj.author; -- Extract JSON field MATCH (d:Document) RETURN JSON_EXTRACT(d.metadata, '$.tags[0]') AS first_tag; -- Build JSON object MATCH (u:User) RETURN JSON_OBJECT( 'name', u.name, 'email', u.email, 'age', u.age ) AS user_json; -- Convert to JSON string MATCH (u:User) RETURN JSON_STRINGIFY(u) AS user_string; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="array-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Array Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="array-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Array Functions"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Array contains MATCH (u:User) WHERE ARRAY_CONTAINS(u.tags, 'developer') RETURN u; -- Array length MATCH (u:User) RETURN u.name, ARRAY_LENGTH(u.interests) AS interest_count; -- Array slice MATCH (u:User) RETURN u.name, ARRAY_SLICE(u.purchases, 0, 5) AS recent_purchases; -- Array distinct MATCH (u:User) SET u.unique_tags = ARRAY_DISTINCT(u.tags); </code></pre></div> <h3 id="statistical-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Statistical Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="statistical-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Statistical Functions"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="descriptive-statistics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Descriptive Statistics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="descriptive-statistics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Descriptive Statistics"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Standard deviation MATCH (u:User) RETURN STDDEV(u.age) AS age_stddev, STDDEV_POP(u.age) AS population_stddev; -- Variance MATCH (p:Product) RETURN VARIANCE(p.price) AS price_variance; -- Percentiles MATCH (u:User) RETURN PERCENTILE_CONT(u.age, 0.25) AS q1, PERCENTILE_CONT(u.age, 0.50) AS median, PERCENTILE_CONT(u.age, 0.75) AS q3; -- Mode (most common value) MATCH (u:User) RETURN u.country, COUNT(*) AS frequency ORDER BY frequency DESC LIMIT 1; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="correlation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Correlation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="correlation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Correlation"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Correlation between two properties MATCH (u:User) RETURN CORR(u.age, u.purchase_count) AS age_purchase_correlation; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="text-search-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Text Search Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="text-search-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Text Search Functions"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="full-text-search" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Full-Text Search <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="full-text-search" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Full-Text Search"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Full-text search MATCH (p:Post) WHERE FULLTEXT_SEARCH(p.content, 'graph database') RETURN p.title, p.content; -- Fuzzy search MATCH (u:User) WHERE FUZZY_MATCH(u.name, 'Alice', 2) -- Edit distance <= 2 RETURN u.name; -- Soundex matching MATCH (u:User) WHERE SOUNDEX(u.last_name) = SOUNDEX('Smith') RETURN u.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="text-analysis" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Text Analysis <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="text-analysis" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Text Analysis"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Word count MATCH (p:Post) RETURN p.title, WORD_COUNT(p.content) AS words; -- Tokenization MATCH (t:Text) RETURN TOKENIZE(t.content, ' ') AS tokens; -- Stemming MATCH (w:Word) RETURN w.text, STEM(w.text) AS stemmed; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="vector-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Vector Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vector-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Vector Functions"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="vector-operations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Vector Operations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vector-operations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Vector Operations"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Cosine similarity MATCH (a:Product {id: 1}), (b:Product) WHERE b <> a RETURN b.name, COSINE_SIMILARITY(a.embedding, b.embedding) AS similarity ORDER BY similarity DESC LIMIT 10; -- Euclidean distance MATCH (a:Item), (b:Item) RETURN a.id, b.id, EUCLIDEAN_DISTANCE(a.features, b.features) AS distance; -- Dot product MATCH (v:Vector) RETURN DOT_PRODUCT(v.vec1, v.vec2) AS dot_prod; -- Vector magnitude MATCH (v:Vector) RETURN MAGNITUDE(v.embedding) AS mag; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="custom-function-development" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Custom Function Development <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="custom-function-development" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Custom Function Development"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="python-udfs" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Python UDFs <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="python-udfs" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Python UDFs"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"># Register custom function await client.execute(""" CREATE FUNCTION sentiment_score(text STRING) RETURNS FLOAT LANGUAGE PYTHON AS $$ from textblob import TextBlob def sentiment_score(text): blob = TextBlob(text) return blob.sentiment.polarity $$ """) # Use custom function result, _ = await client.query(""" MATCH (p:Post) RETURN p.content, sentiment_score(p.content) AS sentiment ORDER BY sentiment DESC """) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="javascript-udfs" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> JavaScript UDFs <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="javascript-udfs" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: JavaScript UDFs"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create JavaScript function CREATE FUNCTION calculate_discount(price FLOAT, customer_tier STRING) RETURNS FLOAT LANGUAGE JAVASCRIPT AS $$ function calculate_discount(price, tier) { const discounts = { 'gold': 0.20, 'silver': 0.10, 'bronze': 0.05 }; return price * (1 - (discounts[tier] || 0)); } $$; -- Use function MATCH (p:Product) RETURN p.name, p.price, calculate_discount(p.price, 'gold') AS discounted_price; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="performance-tips-for-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Tips for Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-tips-for-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Tips for Functions"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="indexed-function-results" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Indexed Function Results <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="indexed-function-results" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Indexed Function Results"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create index on function result CREATE INDEX user_name_upper ON User(UPPER(name)); -- Efficient case-insensitive search MATCH (u:User) WHERE UPPER(u.name) = UPPER($search_name) RETURN u; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="materialized-function-results" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Materialized Function Results <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="materialized-function-results" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Materialized Function Results"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Pre-compute expensive functions MATCH (u:User) SET u.full_name_normalized = UPPER(TRIM(CONCAT(u.first_name, ' ', u.last_name))); -- Later queries are fast MATCH (u:User {full_name_normalized: 'ALICE SMITH'}) RETURN u; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="avoid-repeated-function-calls" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Avoid Repeated Function Calls <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="avoid-repeated-function-calls" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Avoid Repeated Function Calls"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Inefficient: LENGTH called twice MATCH (p:Product) WHERE LENGTH(p.description) > 100 AND LENGTH(p.description) < 500 RETURN p; -- Efficient: Compute once with WITH MATCH (p:Product) WITH p, LENGTH(p.description) AS desc_len WHERE desc_len > 100 AND desc_len < 500 RETURN p; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="function-reference-summary" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Function Reference Summary <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="function-reference-summary" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Function Reference Summary"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="aggregation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Aggregation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="aggregation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Aggregation"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, COLLECT, STRING_AGG</li> <li>STDDEV, VARIANCE, PERCENTILE_CONT</li> </ul> <h4 id="string" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> String <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="string" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: String"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>UPPER, LOWER, LENGTH, SUBSTRING, TRIM, CONCAT, REPLACE, SPLIT</li> <li>FULLTEXT_SEARCH, FUZZY_MATCH, SOUNDEX</li> </ul> <h4 id="math" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Math <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="math" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Math"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>ABS, CEIL, FLOOR, ROUND, SIGN, POWER, SQRT, EXP, LOG</li> <li>SIN, COS, TAN, RAND</li> </ul> <h4 id="temporal" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Temporal <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="temporal" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Temporal"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>CURRENT_DATE, CURRENT_TIME, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP, NOW</li> <li>DATE, DATETIME, DURATION, DATE_TRUNC</li> </ul> <h4 id="list" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> List <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="list" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: List"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>SIZE, HEAD, LAST, TAIL, REVERSE, RANGE, REDUCE</li> </ul> <h4 id="type-conversion" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type Conversion <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-conversion" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type Conversion"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>TOSTRING, TOINTEGER, TOFLOAT, TOBOOLEAN</li> </ul> <h4 id="conditional" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Conditional <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conditional" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conditional"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>COALESCE, CASE, NULLIF</li> </ul> <h4 id="graph" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Graph <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="graph" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Graph"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>SHORTEST_PATH, ALL_SHORTEST_PATHS, NODES, RELATIONSHIPS</li> <li>PageRank, Betweenness, Louvain</li> </ul> <h4 id="geospatial" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Geospatial <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="geospatial" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Geospatial"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>geospatial.distance, point</li> </ul> <h4 id="vector" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Vector <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vector" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Vector"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>COSINE_SIMILARITY, EUCLIDEAN_DISTANCE, DOT_PRODUCT</li> </ul> <h3 id="related-topics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Topics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-topics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Topics"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/tags/operators/" >GQL Operators</a> : Operators work alongside functions in expressions</li> <li><a href="/tags/types/" >Data Types</a> : Understand type compatibility for function arguments</li> <li><a href="/tags/query-optimization/" >Query Optimization</a> : Optimize function usage for performance</li> <li><a href="/tags/aggregation/" >Aggregation</a> : Deep dive into aggregation patterns</li> <li><a href="/tags/gql-reference/" >GQL Reference</a> : Complete function documentation</li> <li><a href="/tags/stored-procedures/" >Stored Procedures</a> : Creating custom functions</li> <li><a href="/tags/graph-algorithms/" >Graph Algorithms</a> : Algorithm implementations</li> </ul> <h3 id="further-reading" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Further Reading <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="further-reading" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Further Reading"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/tags/operators/" >GQL Operators</a> - Operators and expressions</li> <li><a href="/tags/types/" >Data Types</a> - Type system and conversions</li> <li><a href="/tags/performance/" >Query Performance</a> - Optimize function calls</li> <li><a href="/tags/aggregation/" >Aggregation Patterns</a> - Advanced aggregation techniques</li> <li><a href="/tags/gql-reference/" >GQL Reference</a> - Complete language documentation</li> <li>Function Performance Guide - Optimization strategies</li> <li>Custom Function Development - UDF best practices</li> </ul> Master Geode’s built-in functions to write expressive, powerful queries that transform and analyze your graph data efficiently.

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