Schema Migration Guide | Geode Database

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This guide covers strategies for migrating Geode schemas safely, including zero-downtime approaches, rollback strategies, and version tracking. <h3 id="overview" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Overview <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="overview" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Overview"> Share link </button> </h3>Unlike rigid relational databases, graph databases offer flexibility in schema evolution. Geode supports: <ul> <li>Additive Changes: Adding new labels, properties, and relationship types</li> <li>Transformative Changes: Renaming, restructuring, and data transformations</li> <li>Subtractive Changes: Removing deprecated schema elements</li> </ul> <h3 id="planning-migrations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Planning Migrations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="planning-migrations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Planning Migrations"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="migration-checklist" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Migration Checklist <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="migration-checklist" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Migration Checklist"> Share link </button> </h4>Before any migration: <ol> <li>Document current schema - Export schema definitions</li> <li>Identify affected queries - Find all queries using changed elements</li> <li>Estimate data volume - Calculate migration time</li> <li>Plan rollback - Define recovery steps</li> <li>Schedule maintenance window (if needed)</li> <li>Test in staging - Verify migration on production-like data</li> <li>Communicate with stakeholders - Inform affected teams</li> </ol> <h4 id="migration-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Migration Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="migration-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Migration Types"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Change Type</th> <th>Risk Level</th> <th>Downtime Required</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Add new label</td> <td>Low</td> <td>No</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Add new property</td> <td>Low</td> <td>No</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Add new relationship type</td> <td>Low</td> <td>No</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Add index</td> <td>Low</td> <td>No</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Add constraint</td> <td>Medium</td> <td>Possible</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rename property</td> <td>Medium</td> <td>Possible</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rename label</td> <td>High</td> <td>Possible</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Remove property</td> <td>Medium</td> <td>No</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Change data type</td> <td>High</td> <td>Possible</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Restructure relationships</td> <td>High</td> <td>Possible</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="adding-new-schema-elements" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Adding New Schema Elements <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="adding-new-schema-elements" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Adding New Schema Elements"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="adding-new-node-labels" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Adding New Node Labels <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="adding-new-node-labels" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Adding New Node Labels"> Share link </button> </h4>The simplest migration - just start using the new label: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Create nodes with new label CREATE (:Organization { name: "Acme Corp", created_at: timestamp() }) // Add index for new label CREATE INDEX org_name ON :Organization(name) </code></pre></div><div class="docs-tabs mb-4"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs" id="tabs-1774880883365377520" role="tablist"><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link active" id="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-0-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-0" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-0" aria-selected="true" > Go </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-1-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-1" aria-selected="false" > Python </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-2-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-2" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-2" aria-selected="false" > Rust </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-3-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-3" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-3" aria-selected="false" > Node.js </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-4-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-4" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-4" aria-selected="false" > Zig </button> </li></ul> <div class="tab-content border border-top-0 rounded-bottom p-3" id="tabs-1774880883365377520-content"><div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-0-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go">// Migration: Add Organization label func migrateAddOrganization(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) error { // Create index first _, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, ` CREATE INDEX org_name ON :Organization(name) `) if err != nil { return fmt.Errorf("failed to create index: %w", err) } log.Println("Migration complete: Added Organization label") return nil } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-1" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-1-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">async def migrate_add_organization(conn): """Migration: Add Organization label""" # Create index for new label await conn.execute( "CREATE INDEX org_name ON :Organization(name)" ) print("Migration complete: Added Organization label") </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-2-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-rust" data-lang="rust">async fn migrate_add_organization(conn: &mut Connection) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { // Create index for new label conn.query("CREATE INDEX org_name ON :Organization(name)").await?; println!("Migration complete: Added Organization label"); Ok(()) } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-3" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-3-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-typescript" data-lang="typescript">async function migrateAddOrganization(client: Client): Promise<void> { // Create index for new label await client.exec('CREATE INDEX org_name ON :Organization(name)'); console.log('Migration complete: Added Organization label'); } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-4" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883365377520-tab-4-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-zig" data-lang="zig">fn migrateAddOrganization(client: *GeodeClient, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void { // Create index for new label try client.sendRunGql(1, "CREATE INDEX org_name ON :Organization(name)", null); _ = try client.receiveMessage(30000); std.debug.print("Migration complete: Added Organization label\n", .{}); } </code></pre></div> </div></div> </div> <h4 id="adding-new-properties" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Adding New Properties <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="adding-new-properties" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Adding New Properties"> Share link </button> </h4>Add properties to existing nodes with default values: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Add property to all existing users MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.preferences IS NULL SET u.preferences = {} // Add property with computed default MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.display_name IS NULL SET u.display_name = u.first_name + ' ' + u.last_name </code></pre></div>Batch processing for large datasets: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Process in batches to avoid memory issues MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.preferences IS NULL WITH u LIMIT 10000 SET u.preferences = {} RETURN count(u) AS updated </code></pre></div><div class="docs-tabs mb-4"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs" id="tabs-1774880883370285080" role="tablist"><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link active" id="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-0-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-0" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-0" aria-selected="true" > Go </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-1-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-1" aria-selected="false" > Python </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-2-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-2" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-2" aria-selected="false" > Rust </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-3-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-3" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-3" aria-selected="false" > Node.js </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-4-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-4" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-4" aria-selected="false" > Zig </button> </li></ul> <div class="tab-content border border-top-0 rounded-bottom p-3" id="tabs-1774880883370285080-content"><div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-0-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go">func migrateAddPreferences(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) error { batchSize := 10000 totalUpdated := 0 for { result, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, ` MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.preferences IS NULL WITH u LIMIT ? SET u.preferences = {} RETURN count(u) AS updated `, batchSize) if err != nil { return err } rowsAffected, _ := result.RowsAffected() if rowsAffected == 0 { break } totalUpdated += int(rowsAffected) log.Printf("Updated %d users...", totalUpdated) } log.Printf("Migration complete: Added preferences to %d users", totalUpdated) return nil } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-1" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-1-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">async def migrate_add_preferences(conn): """Add preferences property to all users""" batch_size = 10000 total_updated = 0 while True: page, _ = await conn.query(""" MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.preferences IS NULL WITH u LIMIT $batch SET u.preferences = {} RETURN count(u) AS updated """, {"batch": batch_size}) updated = page.rows[0]["updated"].as_int if page.rows else 0 if updated == 0: break total_updated += updated print(f"Updated {total_updated} users...") print(f"Migration complete: Added preferences to {total_updated} users") </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-2-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-rust" data-lang="rust">async fn migrate_add_preferences(conn: &mut Connection) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { let batch_size = 10000; let mut total_updated = 0; loop { let mut params = HashMap::new(); params.insert("batch".to_string(), Value::int(batch_size)); let (page, _) = conn.query_with_params(r#" MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.preferences IS NULL WITH u LIMIT $batch SET u.preferences = {} RETURN count(u) AS updated "#, &params).await?; let updated = page.rows.first() .and_then(|r| r.get("updated")) .map(|v| v.as_int().unwrap_or(0)) .unwrap_or(0); if updated == 0 { break; } total_updated += updated; println!("Updated {} users...", total_updated); } println!("Migration complete: Added preferences to {} users", total_updated); Ok(()) } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-3" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-3-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-typescript" data-lang="typescript">async function migrateAddPreferences(client: Client): Promise<void> { const batchSize = 10000; let totalUpdated = 0; while (true) { const rows = await client.queryAll(` MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.preferences IS NULL WITH u LIMIT $batch SET u.preferences = {} RETURN count(u) AS updated `, { params: { batch: batchSize } }); const updated = rows[0]?.get('updated')?.asNumber ?? 0; if (updated === 0) break; totalUpdated += updated; console.log(`Updated ${totalUpdated} users...`); } console.log(`Migration complete: Added preferences to ${totalUpdated} users`); } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-4" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883370285080-tab-4-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-zig" data-lang="zig">fn migrateAddPreferences(client: *GeodeClient, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void { const batch_size = 10000; var total_updated: i64 = 0; while (true) { var params = std.json.ObjectMap.init(allocator); defer params.deinit(); try params.put("batch", .{ .integer = batch_size }); try client.sendRunGql(1, \\MATCH (u:User) \\WHERE u.preferences IS NULL \\WITH u LIMIT $batch \\SET u.preferences = {} \\RETURN count(u) AS updated , .{ .object = params }); _ = try client.receiveMessage(30000); try client.sendPull(1, 1); const result = try client.receiveMessage(30000); defer allocator.free(result); // Parse result to get updated count const updated = parseUpdatedCount(result); if (updated == 0) break; total_updated += updated; std.debug.print("Updated {} users...\n", .{total_updated}); } std.debug.print("Migration complete: Added preferences to {} users\n", .{total_updated}); } </code></pre></div> </div></div> </div> <h4 id="adding-new-relationship-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Adding New Relationship Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="adding-new-relationship-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Adding New Relationship Types"> Share link </button> </h4>Create new relationships between existing nodes: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Create MANAGES relationship from existing org structure MATCH (manager:User)-[:SUPERVISES]->(employee:User) CREATE (manager)-[:MANAGES]->(employee) // Create relationships with computed properties MATCH (u:User)-[p:PURCHASED]->(product:Product) WITH u, product, sum(p.quantity) AS total_qty CREATE (u)-[:BOUGHT_TOTAL {quantity: total_qty}]->(product) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="renaming-schema-elements" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Renaming Schema Elements <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="renaming-schema-elements" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Renaming Schema Elements"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="renaming-properties" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Renaming Properties <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="renaming-properties" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Renaming Properties"> Share link </button> </h4>Strategy 1: Copy and Remove (Zero Downtime) <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Step 1: Copy to new property name MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.username IS NOT NULL AND u.handle IS NULL SET u.handle = u.username // Step 2: Update application code to use new property name // (Deploy application changes) // Step 3: Remove old property (after deployment verified) MATCH (u:User) REMOVE u.username </code></pre></div><div class="docs-tabs mb-4"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs" id="tabs-1774880883381084934" role="tablist"><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link active" id="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-0-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-0" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-0" aria-selected="true" > Go </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-1-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-1" aria-selected="false" > Python </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-2-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-2" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-2" aria-selected="false" > Rust </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-3-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-3" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-3" aria-selected="false" > Node.js </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-4-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-4" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-4" aria-selected="false" > Zig </button> </li></ul> <div class="tab-content border border-top-0 rounded-bottom p-3" id="tabs-1774880883381084934-content"><div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-0-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go">// Phase 1: Add new property (run before deployment) func migrateRenamePropertyPhase1(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) error { batchSize := 10000 for { result, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, ` MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.username IS NOT NULL AND u.handle IS NULL WITH u LIMIT ? SET u.handle = u.username RETURN count(u) `, batchSize) if err != nil { return err } if rowsAffected, _ := result.RowsAffected(); rowsAffected == 0 { break } } log.Println("Phase 1 complete: handle property populated") return nil } // Phase 2: Remove old property (run after deployment verified) func migrateRenamePropertyPhase2(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) error { batchSize := 10000 for { result, err := db.ExecContext(ctx, ` MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.username IS NOT NULL WITH u LIMIT ? REMOVE u.username RETURN count(u) `, batchSize) if err != nil { return err } if rowsAffected, _ := result.RowsAffected(); rowsAffected == 0 { break } } log.Println("Phase 2 complete: username property removed") return nil } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-1" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-1-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">async def migrate_rename_property_phase1(conn): """Phase 1: Copy username to handle (run before deployment)""" batch_size = 10000 while True: page, _ = await conn.query(""" MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.username IS NOT NULL AND u.handle IS NULL WITH u LIMIT $batch SET u.handle = u.username RETURN count(u) AS updated """, {"batch": batch_size}) if page.rows[0]["updated"].as_int == 0: break print("Phase 1 complete: handle property populated") async def migrate_rename_property_phase2(conn): """Phase 2: Remove username (run after deployment verified)""" batch_size = 10000 while True: page, _ = await conn.query(""" MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.username IS NOT NULL WITH u LIMIT $batch REMOVE u.username RETURN count(u) AS updated """, {"batch": batch_size}) if page.rows[0]["updated"].as_int == 0: break print("Phase 2 complete: username property removed") </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-2-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-rust" data-lang="rust">/// Phase 1: Copy username to handle (run before deployment) async fn migrate_rename_property_phase1(conn: &mut Connection) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { let batch_size = 10000; loop { let mut params = HashMap::new(); params.insert("batch".to_string(), Value::int(batch_size)); let (page, _) = conn.query_with_params(r#" MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.username IS NOT NULL AND u.handle IS NULL WITH u LIMIT $batch SET u.handle = u.username RETURN count(u) AS updated "#, &params).await?; if page.rows.first().and_then(|r| r.get("updated")).map(|v| v.as_int().unwrap_or(0)).unwrap_or(0) == 0 { break; } } println!("Phase 1 complete: handle property populated"); Ok(()) } /// Phase 2: Remove username (run after deployment verified) async fn migrate_rename_property_phase2(conn: &mut Connection) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { let batch_size = 10000; loop { let mut params = HashMap::new(); params.insert("batch".to_string(), Value::int(batch_size)); let (page, _) = conn.query_with_params(r#" MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.username IS NOT NULL WITH u LIMIT $batch REMOVE u.username RETURN count(u) AS updated "#, &params).await?; if page.rows.first().and_then(|r| r.get("updated")).map(|v| v.as_int().unwrap_or(0)).unwrap_or(0) == 0 { break; } } println!("Phase 2 complete: username property removed"); Ok(()) } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-3" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-3-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-typescript" data-lang="typescript">// Phase 1: Copy username to handle (run before deployment) async function migrateRenamePropertyPhase1(client: Client): Promise<void> { const batchSize = 10000; while (true) { const rows = await client.queryAll(` MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.username IS NOT NULL AND u.handle IS NULL WITH u LIMIT $batch SET u.handle = u.username RETURN count(u) AS updated `, { params: { batch: batchSize } }); if ((rows[0]?.get('updated')?.asNumber ?? 0) === 0) break; } console.log('Phase 1 complete: handle property populated'); } // Phase 2: Remove username (run after deployment verified) async function migrateRenamePropertyPhase2(client: Client): Promise<void> { const batchSize = 10000; while (true) { const rows = await client.queryAll(` MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.username IS NOT NULL WITH u LIMIT $batch REMOVE u.username RETURN count(u) AS updated `, { params: { batch: batchSize } }); if ((rows[0]?.get('updated')?.asNumber ?? 0) === 0) break; } console.log('Phase 2 complete: username property removed'); } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-4" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883381084934-tab-4-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-zig" data-lang="zig">/// Phase 1: Copy username to handle (run before deployment) fn migrateRenamePropertyPhase1(client: *GeodeClient, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void { const batch_size = 10000; while (true) { var params = std.json.ObjectMap.init(allocator); defer params.deinit(); try params.put("batch", .{ .integer = batch_size }); try client.sendRunGql(1, \\MATCH (u:User) \\WHERE u.username IS NOT NULL AND u.handle IS NULL \\WITH u LIMIT $batch \\SET u.handle = u.username \\RETURN count(u) AS updated , .{ .object = params }); _ = try client.receiveMessage(30000); try client.sendPull(1, 1); const result = try client.receiveMessage(30000); defer allocator.free(result); if (parseUpdatedCount(result) == 0) break; } std.debug.print("Phase 1 complete: handle property populated\n", .{}); } /// Phase 2: Remove username (run after deployment verified) fn migrateRenamePropertyPhase2(client: *GeodeClient, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void { const batch_size = 10000; while (true) { var params = std.json.ObjectMap.init(allocator); defer params.deinit(); try params.put("batch", .{ .integer = batch_size }); try client.sendRunGql(1, \\MATCH (u:User) \\WHERE u.username IS NOT NULL \\WITH u LIMIT $batch \\REMOVE u.username \\RETURN count(u) AS updated , .{ .object = params }); _ = try client.receiveMessage(30000); try client.sendPull(1, 1); const result = try client.receiveMessage(30000); defer allocator.free(result); if (parseUpdatedCount(result) == 0) break; } std.debug.print("Phase 2 complete: username property removed\n", .{}); } </code></pre></div> </div></div> </div> <h4 id="renaming-labels" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Renaming Labels <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="renaming-labels" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Renaming Labels"> Share link </button> </h4>Label renaming is complex because labels are fundamental to node identity: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Step 1: Add new label to existing nodes MATCH (c:Customer) SET c:Client // Step 2: Update application code // (Deploy changes) // Step 3: Remove old label MATCH (c:Customer) REMOVE c:Customer </code></pre></div>With indexes and constraints: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Step 1: Create new indexes/constraints for new label CREATE INDEX client_email ON :Client(email) CREATE CONSTRAINT client_id_unique ON :Client(id) ASSERT UNIQUE // Step 2: Add new label MATCH (c:Customer) SET c:Client // Step 3: Deploy application changes // Step 4: Remove old label and indexes MATCH (c:Customer) REMOVE c:Customer DROP INDEX customer_email DROP CONSTRAINT customer_id_unique </code></pre></div> <h4 id="renaming-relationship-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Renaming Relationship Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="renaming-relationship-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Renaming Relationship Types"> Share link </button> </h4>Relationship types cannot be renamed in place. Create new and delete old: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Step 1: Create new relationships MATCH (a:User)-[old:FRIEND_OF]->(b:User) CREATE (a)-[:FRIENDS_WITH {since: old.since}]->(b) // Step 2: Deploy application changes // Step 3: Delete old relationships MATCH ()-[r:FRIEND_OF]->() DELETE r </code></pre></div> <h3 id="data-transformations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Data Transformations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-transformations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Transformations"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="splitting-properties" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Splitting Properties <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="splitting-properties" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Splitting Properties"> Share link </button> </h4>Transform a single property into multiple: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Split full_name into first_name and last_name MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.full_name IS NOT NULL AND u.first_name IS NULL SET u.first_name = split(u.full_name, ' ')[0], u.last_name = split(u.full_name, ' ')[-1] </code></pre></div> <h4 id="merging-properties" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Merging Properties <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="merging-properties" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Merging Properties"> Share link </button> </h4>Combine multiple properties: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Merge address components into full_address MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.full_address IS NULL SET u.full_address = u.street + ', ' + u.city + ', ' + u.state + ' ' + u.zip </code></pre></div> <h4 id="restructuring-data" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Restructuring Data <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="restructuring-data" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Restructuring Data"> Share link </button> </h4>Transform embedded data to relationships: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Before: User has embedded addresses array // After: Address nodes with relationships // Extract addresses to nodes MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.addresses IS NOT NULL UNWIND u.addresses AS addr CREATE (a:Address { street: addr.street, city: addr.city, state: addr.state, zip: addr.zip, type: addr.type }) CREATE (u)-[:HAS_ADDRESS]->(a) // Remove embedded array MATCH (u:User) REMOVE u.addresses </code></pre></div> <h4 id="changing-data-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Changing Data Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="changing-data-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Changing Data Types"> Share link </button> </h4>Convert property types: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// String to integer MATCH (p:Product) SET p.price_cents = toInteger(p.price * 100) // Integer to string MATCH (o:Order) SET o.order_number_str = toString(o.order_number) // String to date MATCH (e:Event) SET e.event_date = date(e.date_string) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="rolling-migrations-zero-downtime" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Rolling Migrations (Zero Downtime) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="rolling-migrations-zero-downtime" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Rolling Migrations (Zero Downtime)"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="expand-contract-pattern" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Expand-Contract Pattern <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="expand-contract-pattern" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Expand-Contract Pattern"> Share link </button> </h4>The safest approach for production systems: Phase 1: Expand <ul> <li>Add new schema elements</li> <li>Deploy code that writes to both old and new</li> <li>Backfill new elements from old</li> </ul> Phase 2: Migrate <ul> <li>Deploy code that reads from new elements</li> <li>Verify everything works</li> </ul> Phase 3: Contract <ul> <li>Deploy code that only uses new elements</li> <li>Remove old schema elements</li> </ul> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">Timeline: [Old only] -> [Old + New] -> [New primary] -> [New only] Expand Migrate Contract </code></pre></div> <h4 id="example-renaming-with-zero-downtime" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Example: Renaming with Zero Downtime <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="example-renaming-with-zero-downtime" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Example: Renaming with Zero Downtime"> Share link </button> </h4>Day 1 - Expand: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"># Application code writes both properties async def update_user_email(conn, user_id, email): await conn.execute(""" MATCH (u:User {id: $id}) SET u.email = $email, u.email_address = $email // New name """, {"id": user_id, "email": email}) # Migration: Backfill new property async def backfill_email_address(conn): await conn.execute(""" MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.email IS NOT NULL AND u.email_address IS NULL SET u.email_address = u.email """) </code></pre></div>Day 2 - Migrate: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"># Application reads from new property async def get_user_email(conn, user_id): page, _ = await conn.query(""" MATCH (u:User {id: $id}) RETURN coalesce(u.email_address, u.email) AS email """, {"id": user_id}) return page.rows[0]["email"].as_string </code></pre></div>Day 3 - Contract: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"># Application only uses new property async def get_user_email(conn, user_id): page, _ = await conn.query(""" MATCH (u:User {id: $id}) RETURN u.email_address AS email """, {"id": user_id}) return page.rows[0]["email"].as_string # Migration: Remove old property async def remove_old_email(conn): await conn.execute(""" MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.email IS NOT NULL REMOVE u.email """) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="rollback-strategies" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Rollback Strategies <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="rollback-strategies" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Rollback Strategies"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="preventive-measures" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Preventive Measures <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="preventive-measures" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Preventive Measures"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Always backup before migration:</li> </ol> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">geode backup create --name "pre-migration-$(date +%Y%m%d)" </code></pre></div><ol start="2"> <li>Use transactions for atomic changes:</li> </ol> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN // Multiple related changes SET ... CREATE ... DELETE ... COMMIT </code></pre></div><ol start="3"> <li>Version your migrations:</li> </ol> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Track applied migrations CREATE (:Migration { version: "2026.01.15.001", name: "add_preferences_property", applied_at: timestamp(), applied_by: "deploy-script" }) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="rollback-procedures" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Rollback Procedures <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="rollback-procedures" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Rollback Procedures"> Share link </button> </h4>For additive changes (low risk): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Simply remove the added elements DROP INDEX new_index MATCH (n) WHERE n.new_property IS NOT NULL REMOVE n.new_property </code></pre></div>For transformative changes (keep old data): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Restore from preserved properties MATCH (u:User) WHERE u._old_email IS NOT NULL SET u.email = u._old_email REMOVE u._old_email </code></pre></div>For complex rollbacks (restore from backup): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Stop application geode backup restore --name "pre-migration-20260115" # Restart application with old code </code></pre></div> <h4 id="rollback-migration-script" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Rollback Migration Script <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="rollback-migration-script" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Rollback Migration Script"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="docs-tabs mb-4"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs" id="tabs-1774880883397386263" role="tablist"><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link active" id="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-0-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-0" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-0" aria-selected="true" > Go </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-1-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-1" aria-selected="false" > Python </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-2-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-2" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-2" aria-selected="false" > Rust </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-3-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-3" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-3" aria-selected="false" > Node.js </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-4-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-4" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-4" aria-selected="false" > Zig </button> </li></ul> <div class="tab-content border border-top-0 rounded-bottom p-3" id="tabs-1774880883397386263-content"><div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-0-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go">type Migration struct { Version string Name string Up func(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) error Down func(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) error } func (m *Migration) Rollback(ctx context.Context, db *sql.DB) error { // Check if migration was applied var count int err := db.QueryRowContext(ctx, ` MATCH (m:Migration {version: ?}) RETURN count(m) `, m.Version).Scan(&count) if err != nil || count == 0 { return fmt.Errorf("migration %s not found", m.Version) } // Execute rollback if err := m.Down(ctx, db); err != nil { return fmt.Errorf("rollback failed: %w", err) } // Remove migration record _, err = db.ExecContext(ctx, ` MATCH (m:Migration {version: ?}) DELETE m `, m.Version) if err != nil { return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove migration record: %w", err) } log.Printf("Rolled back migration: %s", m.Name) return nil } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-1" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-1-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from dataclasses import dataclass from typing import Callable, Awaitable @dataclass class Migration: version: str name: str up: Callable[[Connection], Awaitable[None]] down: Callable[[Connection], Awaitable[None]] async def rollback(self, conn) -> None: # Check if migration was applied page, _ = await conn.query( "MATCH (m:Migration {version: $v}) RETURN count(m) AS c", {"v": self.version} ) if page.rows[0]["c"].as_int == 0: raise ValueError(f"Migration {self.version} not found") # Execute rollback await self.down(conn) # Remove migration record await conn.execute( "MATCH (m:Migration {version: $v}) DELETE m", {"v": self.version} ) print(f"Rolled back migration: {self.name}") </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-2-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-rust" data-lang="rust">use std::future::Future; use std::pin::Pin; struct Migration { version: String, name: String, up: Box<dyn Fn(&mut Connection) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>>>>>, down: Box<dyn Fn(&mut Connection) -> Pin<Box<dyn Future<Output = Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>>>>>>, } impl Migration { async fn rollback(&self, conn: &mut Connection) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { // Check if migration was applied let mut params = HashMap::new(); params.insert("v".to_string(), Value::string(&self.version)); let (page, _) = conn.query_with_params( "MATCH (m:Migration {version: $v}) RETURN count(m) AS c", &params ).await?; if page.rows.first().and_then(|r| r.get("c")).map(|v| v.as_int().unwrap_or(0)).unwrap_or(0) == 0 { return Err(format!("Migration {} not found", self.version).into()); } // Execute rollback (self.down)(conn).await?; // Remove migration record conn.query_with_params( "MATCH (m:Migration {version: $v}) DELETE m", &params ).await?; println!("Rolled back migration: {}", self.name); Ok(()) } } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-3" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-3-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-typescript" data-lang="typescript">interface Migration { version: string; name: string; up: (client: Client) => Promise<void>; down: (client: Client) => Promise<void>; } async function rollbackMigration(client: Client, migration: Migration): Promise<void> { // Check if migration was applied const rows = await client.queryAll( 'MATCH (m:Migration {version: $v}) RETURN count(m) AS c', { params: { v: migration.version } } ); if ((rows[0]?.get('c')?.asNumber ?? 0) === 0) { throw new Error(`Migration ${migration.version} not found`); } // Execute rollback await migration.down(client); // Remove migration record await client.exec( 'MATCH (m:Migration {version: $v}) DELETE m', { params: { v: migration.version } } ); console.log(`Rolled back migration: ${migration.name}`); } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-4" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883397386263-tab-4-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-zig" data-lang="zig">const Migration = struct { version: []const u8, name: []const u8, up: *const fn (*GeodeClient, std.mem.Allocator) anyerror!void, down: *const fn (*GeodeClient, std.mem.Allocator) anyerror!void, pub fn rollback(self: Migration, client: *GeodeClient, allocator: std.mem.Allocator) !void { // Check if migration was applied var params = std.json.ObjectMap.init(allocator); defer params.deinit(); try params.put("v", .{ .string = self.version }); try client.sendRunGql(1, "MATCH (m:Migration {version: $v}) RETURN count(m) AS c", .{ .object = params }); _ = try client.receiveMessage(30000); try client.sendPull(1, 1); const result = try client.receiveMessage(30000); defer allocator.free(result); if (parseCount(result) == 0) { return error.MigrationNotFound; } // Execute rollback try self.down(client, allocator); // Remove migration record try client.sendRunGql(2, "MATCH (m:Migration {version: $v}) DELETE m", .{ .object = params }); _ = try client.receiveMessage(30000); std.debug.print("Rolled back migration: {s}\n", .{self.name}); } }; </code></pre></div> </div></div> </div> <h3 id="version-tracking" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Version Tracking <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="version-tracking" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Version Tracking"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="migration-table-schema" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Migration Table Schema <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="migration-table-schema" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Migration Table Schema"> Share link </button> </h4>Track all migrations with a dedicated node label: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Create migration tracking CREATE (:Migration { version: "2026.01.15.001", name: "add_user_preferences", description: "Add preferences JSON property to User nodes", applied_at: timestamp(), applied_by: "deploy-bot", duration_ms: 45230, status: "completed" }) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="migration-runner" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Migration Runner <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="migration-runner" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Migration Runner"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="docs-tabs mb-4"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs" id="tabs-1774880883413897377" role="tablist"><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link active" id="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-0-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-0" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-0" aria-selected="true" > Go </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-1-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-1" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-1" aria-selected="false" > Python </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-2-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-2" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-2" aria-selected="false" > Rust </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-3-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-3" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-3" aria-selected="false" > Node.js </button> </li><li class="nav-item" role="presentation"> <button class="nav-link" id="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-4-tab" data-bs-toggle="tab" data-bs-target="#tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-4" type="button" role="tab" aria-controls="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-4" aria-selected="false" > Zig </button> </li></ul> <div class="tab-content border border-top-0 rounded-bottom p-3" id="tabs-1774880883413897377-content"><div class="tab-pane fade show active" id="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-0" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-0-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go">type MigrationRunner struct { db *sql.DB migrations []Migration } func (r *MigrationRunner) GetAppliedMigrations(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error) { rows, err := r.db.QueryContext(ctx, ` MATCH (m:Migration {status: "completed"}) RETURN m.version ORDER BY m.version `) if err != nil { return nil, err } defer rows.Close() var versions []string for rows.Next() { var v string rows.Scan(&v) versions = append(versions, v) } return versions, nil } func (r *MigrationRunner) Run(ctx context.Context) error { applied, err := r.GetAppliedMigrations(ctx) if err != nil { return err } appliedSet := make(map[string]bool) for _, v := range applied { appliedSet[v] = true } for _, m := range r.migrations { if appliedSet[m.Version] { log.Printf("Skipping already applied: %s", m.Name) continue } log.Printf("Running migration: %s", m.Name) start := time.Now() if err := m.Up(ctx, r.db); err != nil { return fmt.Errorf("migration %s failed: %w", m.Version, err) } duration := time.Since(start).Milliseconds() _, err := r.db.ExecContext(ctx, ` CREATE (:Migration { version: ?, name: ?, applied_at: timestamp(), duration_ms: ?, status: "completed" }) `, m.Version, m.Name, duration) if err != nil { return fmt.Errorf("failed to record migration: %w", err) } log.Printf("Completed %s in %dms", m.Name, duration) } return nil } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-1" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-1-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">import time from dataclasses import dataclass, field from typing import List @dataclass class MigrationRunner: migrations: List[Migration] = field(default_factory=list) async def get_applied_migrations(self, conn) -> set: page, _ = await conn.query(""" MATCH (m:Migration {status: "completed"}) RETURN m.version """) return {row["m.version"].as_string for row in page.rows} async def run(self, conn) -> None: applied = await self.get_applied_migrations(conn) for migration in self.migrations: if migration.version in applied: print(f"Skipping already applied: {migration.name}") continue print(f"Running migration: {migration.name}") start = time.time() try: await migration.up(conn) except Exception as e: raise RuntimeError(f"Migration {migration.version} failed: {e}") duration_ms = int((time.time() - start) * 1000) await conn.execute(""" CREATE (:Migration { version: $version, name: $name, applied_at: timestamp(), duration_ms: $duration, status: "completed" }) """, { "version": migration.version, "name": migration.name, "duration": duration_ms }) print(f"Completed {migration.name} in {duration_ms}ms") </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-2" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-2-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-rust" data-lang="rust">use std::collections::HashSet; use std::time::Instant; struct MigrationRunner { migrations: Vec<Migration>, } impl MigrationRunner { async fn get_applied_migrations(&self, conn: &mut Connection) -> Result<HashSet<String>, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { let (page, _) = conn.query(r#" MATCH (m:Migration {status: "completed"}) RETURN m.version "#).await?; let mut applied = HashSet::new(); for row in &page.rows { if let Some(v) = row.get("m.version") { applied.insert(v.as_string()?.to_string()); } } Ok(applied) } async fn run(&self, conn: &mut Connection) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> { let applied = self.get_applied_migrations(conn).await?; for migration in &self.migrations { if applied.contains(&migration.version) { println!("Skipping already applied: {}", migration.name); continue; } println!("Running migration: {}", migration.name); let start = Instant::now(); (migration.up)(conn).await?; let duration_ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as i64; let mut params = HashMap::new(); params.insert("version".to_string(), Value::string(&migration.version)); params.insert("name".to_string(), Value::string(&migration.name)); params.insert("duration".to_string(), Value::int(duration_ms)); conn.query_with_params(r#" CREATE (:Migration { version: $version, name: $name, applied_at: timestamp(), duration_ms: $duration, status: "completed" }) "#, &params).await?; println!("Completed {} in {}ms", migration.name, duration_ms); } Ok(()) } } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-3" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-3-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-typescript" data-lang="typescript">class MigrationRunner { private migrations: Migration[] = []; addMigration(migration: Migration): void { this.migrations.push(migration); } async getAppliedMigrations(client: Client): Promise<Set<string>> { const rows = await client.queryAll(` MATCH (m:Migration {status: "completed"}) RETURN m.version `); return new Set(rows.map(r => r.get('m.version')?.asString ?? '')); } async run(client: Client): Promise<void> { const applied = await this.getAppliedMigrations(client); for (const migration of this.migrations) { if (applied.has(migration.version)) { console.log(`Skipping already applied: ${migration.name}`); continue; } console.log(`Running migration: ${migration.name}`); const start = Date.now(); try { await migration.up(client); } catch (error) { throw new Error(`Migration ${migration.version} failed: ${error}`); } const durationMs = Date.now() - start; await client.exec(` CREATE (:Migration { version: $version, name: $name, applied_at: timestamp(), duration_ms: $duration, status: "completed" }) `, { params: { version: migration.version, name: migration.name, duration: durationMs } }); console.log(`Completed ${migration.name} in ${durationMs}ms`); } } } </code></pre></div> </div><div class="tab-pane fade" id="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-4" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tabs-1774880883413897377-tab-4-tab" > <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-zig" data-lang="zig">const MigrationRunner = struct { migrations: []const Migration, allocator: std.mem.Allocator, pub fn getAppliedMigrations(self: *MigrationRunner, client: *GeodeClient) !std.StringHashMap(void) { try client.sendRunGql(1, \\MATCH (m:Migration {status: "completed"}) \\RETURN m.version , null); _ = try client.receiveMessage(30000); try client.sendPull(1, 1000); const result = try client.receiveMessage(30000); defer self.allocator.free(result); var applied = std.StringHashMap(void).init(self.allocator); // Parse result and populate applied set return applied; } pub fn run(self: *MigrationRunner, client: *GeodeClient) !void { var applied = try self.getAppliedMigrations(client); defer applied.deinit(); for (self.migrations) |migration| { if (applied.contains(migration.version)) { std.debug.print("Skipping already applied: {s}\n", .{migration.name}); continue; } std.debug.print("Running migration: {s}\n", .{migration.name}); const start = std.time.milliTimestamp(); try migration.up(client, self.allocator); const duration_ms = std.time.milliTimestamp() - start; var params = std.json.ObjectMap.init(self.allocator); defer params.deinit(); try params.put("version", .{ .string = migration.version }); try params.put("name", .{ .string = migration.name }); try params.put("duration", .{ .integer = duration_ms }); try client.sendRunGql(2, \\CREATE (:Migration { \\ version: $version, \\ name: $name, \\ applied_at: timestamp(), \\ duration_ms: $duration, \\ status: "completed" \\}) , .{ .object = params }); _ = try client.receiveMessage(30000); std.debug.print("Completed {s} in {}ms\n", .{ migration.name, duration_ms }); } } }; </code></pre></div> </div></div> </div> <h4 id="version-naming-conventions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Version Naming Conventions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="version-naming-conventions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Version Naming Conventions"> Share link </button> </h4>Use consistent version formats: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">YYYY.MM.DD.NNN 2026.01.15.001 - First migration on Jan 15, 2026 2026.01.15.002 - Second migration on Jan 15, 2026 2026.01.16.001 - First migration on Jan 16, 2026 </code></pre></div>Or semantic versioning: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">v1.0.0_add_user_label v1.1.0_add_preferences v1.2.0_rename_email v2.0.0_restructure_addresses </code></pre></div> <h3 id="best-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Best Practices <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="best-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Best Practices"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="1-always-test-migrations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 1. Always Test Migrations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="1-always-test-migrations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 1. Always Test Migrations"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Create staging environment geode backup restore --name production --target staging # Run migration on staging ./migrate --env staging # Verify results geode shell --env staging > MATCH (n) RETURN labels(n), count(n) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="2-use-batching-for-large-updates" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 2. Use Batching for Large Updates <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="2-use-batching-for-large-updates" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 2. Use Batching for Large Updates"> Share link </button> </h4>Never update millions of nodes in a single transaction: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Bad: May timeout or run out of memory MATCH (u:User) SET u.new_prop = "value" // Good: Batch processing MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.new_prop IS NULL WITH u LIMIT 10000 SET u.new_prop = "value" </code></pre></div> <h4 id="3-preserve-data-during-transitions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 3. Preserve Data During Transitions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="3-preserve-data-during-transitions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 3. Preserve Data During Transitions"> Share link </button> </h4>Keep old data until new code is verified: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Preserve before transforming MATCH (u:User) SET u._old_email = u.email SET u.email = lower(u.email) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="4-document-every-migration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 4. Document Every Migration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="4-document-every-migration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 4. Document Every Migration"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"># migrations/2026_01_15_001_add_preferences.py """ Migration: Add preferences property to User nodes Purpose: Enable user preference storage for personalization features Changes: - Adds `preferences` JSON property to all User nodes - Default value: {} Rollback: MATCH (u:User) REMOVE u.preferences Dependencies: - None Estimated Duration: ~5 minutes for 1M users """ </code></pre></div> <h4 id="5-monitor-migration-progress" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 5. Monitor Migration Progress <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="5-monitor-migration-progress" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 5. Monitor Migration Progress"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Check migration progress MATCH (u:User) RETURN count(CASE WHEN u.new_prop IS NOT NULL THEN 1 END) AS migrated, count(CASE WHEN u.new_prop IS NULL THEN 1 END) AS pending, count(u) AS total </code></pre></div> <h3 id="conclusion" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Conclusion <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conclusion" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conclusion"> Share link </button> </h3>Successful schema migrations require: <ul> <li>Planning: Document changes, estimate impact</li> <li>Safety: Use expand-contract for zero downtime</li> <li>Tracking: Version and record all migrations</li> <li>Testing: Validate in staging before production</li> <li>Rollback: Always have a recovery plan</li> </ul> Key takeaways: <ul> <li>Additive changes are safe and reversible</li> <li>Use multi-phase migrations for renames</li> <li>Batch large updates to avoid timeouts</li> <li>Track migrations with version nodes</li> <li>Test thoroughly before production</li> </ul> <h3 id="resources" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Resources <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="resources" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Resources"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/guides/graph-modeling/" >Graph Modeling Guide</a> </li> <li><a href="/guides/constraints-indexes/" >Constraints and Indexes Guide</a> </li> <li><a href="/guides/backup-restore/" >Backup and Restore Guide</a> </li> <li><a href="/guides/production-deployment/" >Production Deployment</a> </li> </ul> <hr> Questions? Discuss migration strategies in our <a href="https://forum.geodedb.com" aria-label="forum – opens in new window" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" >forum ↗ </a> .

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