Transactions

<h2 id="transactions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transactions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transactions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transactions"> Share link </button> </h2><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Permalink</label> <div class="input-group mb-4 hsm-url-group"> <input id="headingShareInput" type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" readonly aria-readonly="true" style="font-size: 0.85rem;" /> <button class="btn btn-primary hsm-copy" type="button" aria-label="Copy" title="Copy"> </button> </div> <div class="small fw-bold mb-2 text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size: 0.7rem; 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const input = modal.querySelector('#headingShareInput'); const copyBtn = modal.querySelector('.hsm-copy'); const twitter = modal.querySelector('#share-twitter'); const linkedin = modal.querySelector('#share-linkedin'); const facebook = modal.querySelector('#share-facebook'); const closeBtn = modal.querySelector('.hsm-close'); let lastFocus=null; let trapBound=false; function buildUrl(id){ return window.location.origin + window.location.pathname + '#' + id; } function isOpen(){ return !modal.hasAttribute('hidden'); } function hydrate(id){ const url=buildUrl(id); input.value=url; const enc=encodeURIComponent(url); const text=encodeURIComponent(document.title); if(twitter) twitter.href=`https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=${enc}&text=${text}`; if(linkedin) linkedin.href=`https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=${enc}`; if(facebook) facebook.href=`https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=${enc}`; } function openModal(id){ lastFocus=document.activeElement; hydrate(id); if(!isOpen()){ modal.removeAttribute('hidden'); } requestAnimationFrame(()=>{ input.focus(); }); trapFocus(); } function closeModal(){ if(!isOpen()) return; modal.setAttribute('hidden',''); if(lastFocus && typeof lastFocus.focus==='function') lastFocus.focus(); } function copyCurrent(){ try{ navigator.clipboard.writeText(input.value).then(()=>feedback(true),()=>fallback()); } catch(e){ fallback(); } } function fallback(){ input.select(); try{ document.execCommand('copy'); feedback(true);}catch(e){ feedback(false);} } function feedback(ok){ if(!copyBtn) return; const icon=copyBtn.querySelector('i'); if(!icon) return; const prev=copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')||icon.className; if(!copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')) copyBtn.setAttribute('data-prev',prev); icon.className= ok ? 'fa-duotone fa-clipboard-check':'fa-duotone fa-circle-exclamation'; setTimeout(()=>{ icon.className=prev; },1800); } function handleShareClick(e){ e.preventDefault(); const btn=e.currentTarget; const id=btn.getAttribute('data-share-target'); if(id) openModal(id); } function bindShareButtons(){ document.querySelectorAll('.h-share').forEach(btn=>{ if(!btn.dataset.hShareBound){ btn.addEventListener('click', handleShareClick); btn.dataset.hShareBound='1'; } }); } bindShareButtons(); if(document.readyState==='loading'){ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bindShareButtons); } else { requestAnimationFrame(bindShareButtons); } document.addEventListener('click', function(e){ const shareBtn=e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.h-share'); if(shareBtn && !shareBtn.dataset.hShareBound){ handleShareClick.call(shareBtn, e); } }, true); document.addEventListener('click', e=>{ if(e.target===modal) closeModal(); if(e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-close')){ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); } if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script>Geode provides full ACID transaction guarantees with Multi-Version Concurrency Control (MVCC) and six isolation levels ranging from Read Uncommitted to Linearizable. <h3 id="overview" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Overview <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="overview" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Overview"> Share link </button> </h3>Transactions ensure data consistency and integrity even in the presence of concurrent access, system failures, and application errors. Geode’s transaction system combines ACID guarantees with high performance using MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control) and Serializable Snapshot Isolation (SSI). Whether you’re executing a single query or coordinating complex multi-step operations, Geode’s transaction support ensures your data remains consistent. Choose from six isolation levels to balance consistency requirements with performance needs. <h3 id="acid-guarantees" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> ACID Guarantees <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="acid-guarantees" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: ACID Guarantees"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="atomicity" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Atomicity <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="atomicity" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Atomicity"> Share link </button> </h4>All operations in a transaction succeed or fail as a unit: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Begin transaction BEGIN; -- Multiple operations (all or nothing) CREATE (:Person {name: 'Alice', email: 'alice@example.com'}); CREATE (:Person {name: 'Bob', email: 'bob@example.com'}); MATCH (a:Person {name: 'Alice'}), (b:Person {name: 'Bob'}) CREATE (a)-[:KNOWS]->(b); -- Commit (all changes applied) or Rollback (nothing applied) COMMIT; </code></pre></div>If any operation fails or ROLLBACK is called, all changes are discarded. <h4 id="consistency" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Consistency <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="consistency" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Consistency"> Share link </button> </h4>Transactions move the database from one consistent state to another: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN; -- Constraints enforced within transaction CREATE (:Person {email: 'alice@example.com'}); -- This fails if email uniqueness constraint exists CREATE (:Person {email: 'alice@example.com'}); ROLLBACK; -- Database remains consistent </code></pre></div> <h4 id="isolation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Isolation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="isolation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Isolation"> Share link </button> </h4>Concurrent transactions don’t interfere with each other: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Transaction 1 BEGIN; MATCH (p:Person {name: 'Alice'}) SET p.age = 31; -- Transaction 2 doesn't see uncommitted change COMMIT; </code></pre></div>Geode provides six isolation levels for different consistency requirements. <h4 id="durability" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Durability <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="durability" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Durability"> Share link </button> </h4>Committed transactions survive system failures: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN; CREATE (:Person {name: 'Alice'}); COMMIT; -- Guaranteed durable via WAL -- Even if system crashes immediately after COMMIT, -- Alice will exist after recovery </code></pre></div>Write-Ahead Logging (WAL) ensures durability with point-in-time recovery. <h3 id="topics-in-this-section" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Topics in This Section <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="topics-in-this-section" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Topics in This Section"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/transactions/advanced-patterns/" >Advanced Patterns</a> - Advanced transaction patterns including savepoints, nested transactions, and optimistic concurrency control</li> </ul> <h3 id="isolation-levels" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Isolation Levels <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="isolation-levels" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Isolation Levels"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode supports six isolation levels: <h4 id="1-read-uncommitted" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 1. Read Uncommitted <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="1-read-uncommitted" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 1. Read Uncommitted"> Share link </button> </h4>Dirty reads allowed: See uncommitted changes from other transactions. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ UNCOMMITTED; BEGIN; -- May see uncommitted changes MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name; COMMIT; </code></pre></div>Use Cases: Analytics queries where approximate data is acceptable. <h4 id="2-read-committed" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 2. Read Committed <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="2-read-committed" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 2. Read Committed"> Share link </button> </h4>Default: Only see committed changes. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED; BEGIN; -- Only sees committed data MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name; COMMIT; </code></pre></div>Use Cases: General-purpose transactions, web applications. <h4 id="3-repeatable-read" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 3. Repeatable Read <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="3-repeatable-read" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 3. Repeatable Read"> Share link </button> </h4>No non-repeatable reads: Same query returns same results within transaction. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL REPEATABLE READ; BEGIN; MATCH (p:Person) RETURN count(*); -- Returns N -- Other transactions commit changes MATCH (p:Person) RETURN count(*); -- Still returns N COMMIT; </code></pre></div>Use Cases: Reports, financial calculations requiring consistency. <h4 id="4-snapshot" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 4. Snapshot <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="4-snapshot" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 4. Snapshot"> Share link </button> </h4>Point-in-time snapshot: Transaction sees database state at BEGIN time. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SNAPSHOT; BEGIN; -- Transaction sees snapshot from BEGIN time MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name; COMMIT; </code></pre></div>Use Cases: Long-running read transactions, backups. <h4 id="5-serializable-default" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 5. Serializable (Default) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="5-serializable-default" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 5. Serializable (Default)"> Share link </button> </h4>Serializable Snapshot Isolation (SSI): Prevents all anomalies including phantoms. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE; BEGIN; -- Guaranteed serializable execution MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age > 30 CREATE (:Report {count: count(p)}); COMMIT; </code></pre></div>Use Cases: Financial transactions, inventory management. <h4 id="6-linearizable" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 6. Linearizable <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="6-linearizable" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 6. Linearizable"> Share link </button> </h4>Strongest isolation: Real-time ordering with external consistency. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL LINEARIZABLE; BEGIN; -- Guaranteed real-time ordering CREATE (:Order {timestamp: now()}); COMMIT; </code></pre></div>Use Cases: Distributed systems requiring strict ordering. <h3 id="mvcc-architecture" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> MVCC Architecture <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="mvcc-architecture" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: MVCC Architecture"> Share link </button> </h3>Multi-Version Concurrency Control enables high concurrency: <h4 id="how-mvcc-works" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> How MVCC Works <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="how-mvcc-works" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: How MVCC Works"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Version Creation: Each update creates new version of data</li> <li>Visibility: Transactions see appropriate version based on isolation level</li> <li>No Read Locks: Readers never block writers</li> <li>No Write Locks: Writers don’t block readers (different rows)</li> <li>Garbage Collection: Old versions cleaned up when no longer needed</li> </ol> <h4 id="benefits" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Benefits <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="benefits" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Benefits"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>High Concurrency: Readers and writers don’t block each other</li> <li>Consistent Snapshots: Transactions see consistent database state</li> <li>No Deadlocks: For read-only transactions</li> <li>Time-Travel: Historical queries possible</li> </ul> See: <a href="/docs/transactions/advanced-patterns/" >Advanced Patterns</a> <h3 id="transaction-lifecycle" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transaction Lifecycle <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transaction-lifecycle" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transaction Lifecycle"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="basic-transaction" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Basic Transaction <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="basic-transaction" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Basic Transaction"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- 1. Begin transaction BEGIN; -- 2. Execute operations MATCH (p:Person {name: 'Alice'}) SET p.age = 31; CREATE (:AuditLog { action: 'UPDATE', user: 'admin', timestamp: now() }); -- 3. Commit or rollback COMMIT; -- Apply all changes -- OR ROLLBACK; -- Discard all changes </code></pre></div> <h4 id="auto-commit-mode" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Auto-Commit Mode <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="auto-commit-mode" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Auto-Commit Mode"> Share link </button> </h4>Single statements auto-commit: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Implicitly wrapped in BEGIN...COMMIT CREATE (:Person {name: 'Alice'}); </code></pre></div>Equivalent to: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN; CREATE (:Person {name: 'Alice'}); COMMIT; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="explicit-transactions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Explicit Transactions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="explicit-transactions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Explicit Transactions"> Share link </button> </h4>Multiple statements in one transaction: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN; -- Statement 1 CREATE (:Person {name: 'Alice'}); -- Statement 2 CREATE (:Person {name: 'Bob'}); -- Statement 3 MATCH (a:Person {name: 'Alice'}), (b:Person {name: 'Bob'}) CREATE (a)-[:KNOWS]->(b); COMMIT; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="savepoints" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Savepoints <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="savepoints" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Savepoints"> Share link </button> </h3>Create rollback points within transactions: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN; -- Create person CREATE (:Person {name: 'Alice', email: 'alice@example.com'}); -- Savepoint after person creation SAVEPOINT person_created; -- Create order (might fail) CREATE (:Order {customer: 'Alice', total: 100.00}); -- If order creation fails, rollback to savepoint ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT person_created; -- Person still exists, order doesn't COMMIT; </code></pre></div>Use Cases: <ul> <li>Partial rollback on errors</li> <li>Nested transaction simulation</li> <li>Complex multi-step operations</li> </ul> See: <a href="/docs/transactions/advanced-patterns/#savepoints" >Advanced Patterns</a> <h3 id="transaction-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transaction Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transaction-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transaction Patterns"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="optimistic-concurrency-control" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Optimistic Concurrency Control <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="optimistic-concurrency-control" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Optimistic Concurrency Control"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- 1. Read with version MATCH (p:Product {id: 123}) RETURN p.stock, p.version; -- 2. Business logic (outside database) new_stock = current_stock - quantity; -- 3. Update with version check MATCH (p:Product {id: 123}) WHERE p.version = $read_version SET p.stock = $new_stock, p.version = p.version + 1; -- If version doesn't match, retry </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pessimistic-locking" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pessimistic Locking <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pessimistic-locking" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pessimistic Locking"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN; -- Lock row for update MATCH (p:Product {id: 123}) SET p.locked = true; -- Perform operations SET p.stock = p.stock - 1; -- Unlock SET p.locked = false; COMMIT; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="retry-pattern" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Retry Pattern <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="retry-pattern" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Retry Pattern"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">import asyncio from geode_client import QueryError async def execute_with_retry(client, query, max_retries=3): for attempt in range(max_retries): async with client.connection() as conn: await conn.begin() try: page, _ = await conn.query(query) await conn.commit() return page.rows except QueryError as exc: await conn.rollback() if attempt == max_retries - 1: raise # Exponential backoff await asyncio.sleep(2 ** attempt) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="batch-processing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Batch Processing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="batch-processing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Batch Processing"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN; -- Process in batches to avoid long-running transactions MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.processed = false WITH p LIMIT 1000 SET p.processed = true, p.processed_at = now(); COMMIT; -- Repeat until all processed </code></pre></div>See: <a href="/docs/transactions/advanced-patterns/" >Advanced Patterns</a> for more patterns. <h3 id="error-handling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Error Handling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="error-handling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Error Handling"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="transaction-errors" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transaction Errors <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transaction-errors" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transaction Errors"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN; -- First operation succeeds CREATE (:Person {name: 'Alice'}); -- Second operation fails (constraint violation) CREATE (:Person {email: 'alice@example.com'}); -- Duplicate -- Error: Unique constraint violation -- Entire transaction rolls back automatically -- Alice is NOT created </code></pre></div> <h4 id="serialization-errors" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Serialization Errors <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="serialization-errors" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Serialization Errors"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN; -- Read data MATCH (p:Product {id: 123}) RETURN p.stock; -- Another transaction updates same product -- Update fails with serialization error MATCH (p:Product {id: 123}) SET p.stock = p.stock - 1; -- Error: Serialization failure, retry transaction ROLLBACK; </code></pre></div>Solution: Retry with exponential backoff. <h4 id="deadlock-detection" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Deadlock Detection <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="deadlock-detection" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Deadlock Detection"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Transaction 1 BEGIN; MATCH (a:Account {id: 1}) SET a.balance = a.balance - 100; -- Transaction 2 locks account 2 MATCH (b:Account {id: 2}) SET b.balance = b.balance + 100; -- Deadlock detected! -- Error: Deadlock detected, transaction aborted ROLLBACK; </code></pre></div>Geode automatically detects and resolves deadlocks. <h3 id="performance-considerations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Considerations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-considerations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Considerations"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="transaction-size" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transaction Size <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transaction-size" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transaction Size"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Keep Transactions Small: Large transactions increase conflict probability</li> <li>Batch Appropriately: Balance between transaction overhead and size</li> <li>Avoid Long-Running Transactions: Blocks MVCC garbage collection</li> </ul> <h4 id="isolation-level-trade-offs" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Isolation Level Trade-offs <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="isolation-level-trade-offs" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Isolation Level Trade-offs"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Isolation Level</th> <th>Consistency</th> <th>Concurrency</th> <th>Use Case</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Read Uncommitted</td> <td>Lowest</td> <td>Highest</td> <td>Analytics</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Read Committed</td> <td>Medium</td> <td>High</td> <td>Web apps</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Repeatable Read</td> <td>High</td> <td>Medium</td> <td>Reports</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Snapshot</td> <td>High</td> <td>Medium</td> <td>Backups</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Serializable</td> <td>Highest</td> <td>Low</td> <td>Financial</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Linearizable</td> <td>Strongest</td> <td>Lowest</td> <td>Distributed</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="monitoring" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Monitoring <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="monitoring" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Monitoring"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Check active transactions SELECT * FROM system.active_transactions; -- Check transaction conflicts SELECT * FROM system.transaction_conflicts; -- Average transaction duration SELECT avg(duration) FROM system.completed_transactions; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="best-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Best Practices <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="best-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Best Practices"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="transaction-design" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transaction Design <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transaction-design" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transaction Design"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Keep transactions short: Minimize hold time</li> <li>Choose appropriate isolation level: Balance consistency and performance</li> <li>Handle serialization errors: Implement retry logic</li> <li>Use savepoints: For partial rollback capability</li> <li>Avoid user interaction: Within transaction scope</li> </ul> <h4 id="error-handling-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Error Handling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="error-handling-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Error Handling"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Always use try/finally: Ensure rollback on errors</li> <li>Retry serialization errors: With exponential backoff</li> <li>Log transaction failures: For debugging and monitoring</li> <li>Set transaction timeout: Prevent runaway transactions</li> </ul> <h4 id="testing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Testing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="testing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Testing"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Test concurrent scenarios: Simulate concurrent users</li> <li>Test failure scenarios: Rollback, serialization errors</li> <li>Load test: Measure transaction throughput</li> <li>Monitor metrics: Track transaction duration and conflicts</li> </ul> <h3 id="learn-more" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Learn More <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="learn-more" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Learn More"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/transactions/advanced-patterns/" >Advanced Patterns</a> - Savepoints and advanced patterns</li> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/#storage-engine" >Architecture: Transaction Management</a> - MVCC implementation</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/performance-tuning/" >Performance Tuning</a> - Optimize transaction performance</li> <li><a href="/docs/client-libraries/" >Client Libraries</a> - Language-specific transaction APIs</li> </ul> <h3 id="examples" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Examples <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="examples" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Examples"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="transfer-between-accounts" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transfer Between Accounts <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transfer-between-accounts" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transfer Between Accounts"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE; -- Deduct from source account MATCH (source:Account {id: $from_account}) WHERE source.balance >= $amount SET source.balance = source.balance - $amount; -- Add to destination account MATCH (dest:Account {id: $to_account}) SET dest.balance = dest.balance + $amount; -- Create audit trail CREATE (:Transaction { from: $from_account, to: $to_account, amount: $amount, timestamp: now() }); COMMIT; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="inventory-management" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Inventory Management <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="inventory-management" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Inventory Management"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE; -- Check stock availability MATCH (p:Product {sku: $product_sku}) WHERE p.stock >= $quantity SET p.stock = p.stock - $quantity; -- Create order CREATE (o:Order { order_id: $order_id, product_sku: $product_sku, quantity: $quantity, created_at: now() }); -- Link to customer MATCH (c:Customer {id: $customer_id}) CREATE (c)-[:PLACED]->(o); COMMIT; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="next-steps" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Next Steps <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="next-steps" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Next Steps"> Share link </button> </h3><ol> <li><a href="/docs/transactions/advanced-patterns/" >Learn Advanced Patterns</a> - Master savepoints and patterns</li> <li><a href="/docs/tutorials/transaction-patterns-tutorial/" >Practice with Tutorials</a> - Hands-on examples</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/performance-tuning/" >Optimize Performance</a> - Transaction performance tuning</li> </ol>

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