GQL Operators Reference | Geode Database

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This reference covers all supported operators, their precedence rules, type compatibility, and practical usage examples. <h4 id="operator-categories" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Operator Categories <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="operator-categories" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Operator Categories"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li><a href="https://geodedb.com/docs/reference/operators/#arithmetic-operators" >Arithmetic Operators</a> - Mathematical operations (+, -, *, /, %)</li> <li><a href="https://geodedb.com/docs/reference/operators/#comparison-operators" >Comparison Operators</a> - Value comparisons (=, <>, <, >, <=, >=)</li> <li><a href="https://geodedb.com/docs/reference/operators/#logical-operators" >Logical Operators</a> - Boolean logic (AND, OR, NOT)</li> <li><a href="https://geodedb.com/docs/reference/operators/#string-operators" >String Operators</a> - Text operations (||, STARTS WITH, ENDS WITH, CONTAINS, =~)</li> <li><a href="https://geodedb.com/docs/reference/operators/#unary-operators" >Unary Operators</a> - Single operand operations (+, -, NOT)</li> <li><a href="https://geodedb.com/docs/reference/operators/#postfix-operators" >Postfix Operators</a> - Property access, array indexing (., [], ())</li> <li><a href="https://geodedb.com/docs/reference/operators/#set-operators" >Set Operators</a> - Membership tests (IN, IS NULL)</li> </ol> <hr> <h3 id="operator-precedence" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Operator Precedence <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="operator-precedence" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Operator Precedence"> Share link </button> </h3>Operators are evaluated in the following order (highest to lowest precedence): <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Precedence</th> <th>Operators</th> <th>Associativity</th> <th>Example</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>1 (Highest)</td> <td><code>.</code> (member access), <code>[index]</code> (array index), <code>()</code> (function call)</td> <td>Left-to-right</td> <td><code>labels(n)[0]</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><code>+</code> (unary plus), <code>-</code> (unary minus), <code>NOT</code></td> <td>Right-to-left</td> <td><code>-5</code>, <code>NOT true</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code></td> <td>Left-to-right</td> <td><code>10 * 2 / 5</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><code>+</code>, <code>-</code></td> <td>Left-to-right</td> <td><code>10 + 5 - 3</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><code>||</code> (string concatenation)</td> <td>Left-to-right</td> <td><code>'Hello' || ' ' || 'World'</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><code><</code>, <code><=</code>, <code>></code>, <code>>=</code>, <code>=</code>, <code><></code></td> <td>Left-to-right</td> <td><code>age > 18</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><code>IS NULL</code>, <code>IS NOT NULL</code>, <code>IN</code></td> <td>Left-to-right</td> <td><code>x IS NULL</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><code>AND</code></td> <td>Left-to-right</td> <td><code>a AND b</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>9 (Lowest)</td> <td><code>OR</code></td> <td>Left-to-right</td> <td><code>a OR b</code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="precedence-examples" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Precedence Examples <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="precedence-examples" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Precedence Examples"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Without parentheses RETURN 10 + 2 * 5 AS result; -- Returns: 20 (multiplication first) -- With parentheses to override precedence RETURN (10 + 2) * 5 AS result; -- Returns: 60 -- Complex expression RETURN 10 + labels(n)[0].length * 2 % 3 AS result -- Evaluation order: -- 1. labels(n) - function call -- 2. [0] - array index -- 3. .length - member access -- 4. * 2 - multiplication -- 5. % 3 - modulo -- 6. 10 + - addition </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="arithmetic-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Arithmetic Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="arithmetic-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Arithmetic Operators"> Share link </button> </h3>Arithmetic operators perform mathematical operations on numeric values. <h4 id="addition-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Addition (<code>+</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="addition-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Addition (&#43;)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>operand1 + operand2</code> Description: Adds two numeric values. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 5 + 3 AS sum; -- Returns: 8 RETURN 10.5 + 2.3 AS decimal_sum; -- Returns: 12.8 RETURN -5 + 10 AS negative_sum; -- Returns: 5 -- In queries MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name, p.age + 1 AS next_year_age; </code></pre></div>Type Compatibility: <ul> <li><code>INTEGER + INTEGER</code> → <code>INTEGER</code></li> <li><code>REAL + REAL</code> → <code>REAL</code></li> <li><code>INTEGER + REAL</code> → <code>REAL</code> (automatic type promotion)</li> </ul> <h4 id="subtraction--" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Subtraction (<code>-</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="subtraction--" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Subtraction (-)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>operand1 - operand2</code> Description: Subtracts the second value from the first. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 10 - 3 AS difference; -- Returns: 7 RETURN 5.5 - 2.2 AS decimal_diff; -- Returns: 3.3 RETURN 0 - 5 AS negative; -- Returns: -5 -- Calculate age difference MATCH (p1:Person), (p2:Person) WHERE p1.name = 'Alice' AND p2.name = 'Bob' RETURN abs(p1.age - p2.age) AS age_difference; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="multiplication-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Multiplication (<code>*</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="multiplication-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Multiplication (*)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>operand1 * operand2</code> Description: Multiplies two numeric values. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 5 * 3 AS product; -- Returns: 15 RETURN 2.5 * 4 AS decimal_product; -- Returns: 10.0 -- Calculate total price MATCH (item:Item) RETURN item.name, item.quantity * item.price AS total_cost; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="division-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Division (<code>/</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="division-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Division (/)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>operand1 / operand2</code> Description: Divides the first value by the second. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 10 / 2 AS quotient; -- Returns: 5 RETURN 7 / 2 AS integer_div; -- Returns: 3 (integer division) RETURN 7.0 / 2 AS real_div; -- Returns: 3.5 (real division) -- Calculate average MATCH (p:Person) RETURN sum(p.age) / count(p) AS average_age; </code></pre></div>Error Handling: <ul> <li>Division by zero: Returns <code>EvalError.DivisionByZero</code> at runtime</li> </ul> <h4 id="modulo-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Modulo (<code>%</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="modulo-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Modulo (%)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>dividend % divisor</code> Description: Computes the remainder of integer division. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 17 % 5 AS remainder; -- Returns: 2 RETURN 20 % 4 AS even_check; -- Returns: 0 (evenly divisible) RETURN -17 % 5 AS negative_dividend; -- Returns: -2 RETURN 17 % -5 AS negative_divisor; -- Returns: 2 -- Find even numbers MATCH (n:Number) WHERE n.value % 2 = 0 RETURN n.value AS even_numbers; -- Combined with other operators RETURN 10 + 17 % 5 AS result; -- Returns: 12 (precedence: 10 + (17 % 5)) </code></pre></div>Type Compatibility: <ul> <li>Requires integer operands</li> <li>Non-integer operands: Returns <code>EvalError.TypeMismatch</code></li> </ul> Implementation: Uses Zig’s <code>@rem</code> builtin for optimal performance (O(1)). <hr> <h3 id="unary-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Unary Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="unary-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Unary Operators"> Share link </button> </h3>Unary operators operate on a single operand. <h4 id="unary-plus-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Unary Plus (<code>+</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="unary-plus-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Unary Plus (&#43;)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>+expression</code> Description: Returns the operand unchanged. Used for symmetry with unary minus. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN +42 AS positive; -- Returns: 42 RETURN +3.14 AS positive_decimal; -- Returns: 3.14 RETURN + +42 AS double_unary; -- Returns: 42 -- Mixed with unary minus RETURN +-42 AS result; -- Returns: -42 (parsed as +(−42)) RETURN -+42 AS result; -- Returns: -42 (parsed as −(+42)) </code></pre></div>Type Support: <ul> <li>Integers: Returns value unchanged</li> <li>Decimals: Returns value unchanged</li> <li>Other types: Returns <code>EvalError.TypeMismatch</code></li> </ul> Implementation: Zero-cost at evaluation (returns value unchanged). <h4 id="unary-minus--" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Unary Minus (<code>-</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="unary-minus--" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Unary Minus (-)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>-expression</code> Description: Negates a numeric value. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN -42 AS negative; -- Returns: -42 RETURN -(-5) AS double_negative; -- Returns: 5 MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name, -p.debt AS credit; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="logical-not" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Logical NOT <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="logical-not" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Logical NOT"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>NOT expression</code> Description: Negates a boolean value. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN NOT true AS result; -- Returns: false RETURN NOT false AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN NOT NOT true AS double_not; -- Returns: true MATCH (p:Person) WHERE NOT p.active RETURN p.name; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="comparison-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Comparison Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="comparison-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Comparison Operators"> Share link </button> </h3>Comparison operators compare two values and return a boolean result. <h4 id="equality-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Equality (<code>=</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="equality-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Equality (=)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>operand1 = operand2</code> Description: Tests if two values are equal. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 5 = 5 AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 'hello' = 'hello' AS string_eq; -- Returns: true RETURN 5 = 10 AS not_equal; -- Returns: false MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age = 30 RETURN p.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="inequality-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Inequality (<code>&lt;&gt;</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="inequality-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Inequality (&lt;&gt;)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>operand1 <> operand2</code> Description: Tests if two values are not equal. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 5 <> 10 AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 'hello' <> 'world' AS string_ne; -- Returns: true RETURN 5 <> 5 AS same_value; -- Returns: false MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.status <> 'inactive' RETURN p.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="less-than-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Less Than (<code>&lt;</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="less-than-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Less Than (&lt;)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>operand1 < operand2</code> Description: Tests if the first value is less than the second. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 5 < 10 AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 10 < 5 AS reverse; -- Returns: false RETURN 5 < 5 AS equal; -- Returns: false MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age < 18 RETURN p.name AS minors; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="less-than-or-equal-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Less Than or Equal (<code>&lt;=</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="less-than-or-equal-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Less Than or Equal (&lt;=)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>operand1 <= operand2</code> Description: Tests if the first value is less than or equal to the second. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 5 <= 10 AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 5 <= 5 AS equal; -- Returns: true MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age <= 65 RETURN p.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="greater-than-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Greater Than (<code>&gt;</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="greater-than-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Greater Than (&gt;)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>operand1 > operand2</code> Description: Tests if the first value is greater than the second. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 10 > 5 AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 5 > 10 AS reverse; -- Returns: false MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.salary > 50000 RETURN p.name AS high_earners; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="greater-than-or-equal-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Greater Than or Equal (<code>&gt;=</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="greater-than-or-equal-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Greater Than or Equal (&gt;=)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>operand1 >= operand2</code> Description: Tests if the first value is greater than or equal to the second. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 10 >= 5 AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 5 >= 5 AS equal; -- Returns: true MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age >= 18 RETURN p.name AS adults; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="logical-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Logical Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="logical-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Logical Operators"> Share link </button> </h3>Logical operators combine boolean expressions. <h4 id="and" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> AND <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="and" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: AND"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>expression1 AND expression2</code> Description: Returns true if both expressions are true. Truth Table: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>A</th> <th>B</th> <th>A AND B</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>true</td> <td>true</td> <td>true</td> </tr> <tr> <td>true</td> <td>false</td> <td>false</td> </tr> <tr> <td>false</td> <td>true</td> <td>false</td> </tr> <tr> <td>false</td> <td>false</td> <td>false</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN true AND true AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN true AND false AS result; -- Returns: false MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age > 18 AND p.active = true RETURN p.name; -- Multiple AND conditions MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age > 25 AND p.age < 65 AND p.department = 'Engineering' RETURN p.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="or" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> OR <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="or" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: OR"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>expression1 OR expression2</code> Description: Returns true if at least one expression is true. Truth Table: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>A</th> <th>B</th> <th>A OR B</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>true</td> <td>true</td> <td>true</td> </tr> <tr> <td>true</td> <td>false</td> <td>true</td> </tr> <tr> <td>false</td> <td>true</td> <td>true</td> </tr> <tr> <td>false</td> <td>false</td> <td>false</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN true OR false AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN false OR false AS result; -- Returns: false MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.department = 'Engineering' OR p.department = 'Sales' RETURN p.name; -- Combined with AND MATCH (p:Person) WHERE (p.age > 30 OR p.salary > 60000) AND p.active = true RETURN p.name; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="string-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> String Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="string-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: String Operators"> Share link </button> </h3>String operators perform text operations. <h4 id="concatenation-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Concatenation (<code>||</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="concatenation-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Concatenation (||)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>string1 || string2</code> Description: Concatenates two strings. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 'Hello' || ' ' || 'World' AS greeting; -- Returns: 'Hello World' RETURN 'Mr. ' || 'Smith' AS title; -- Returns: 'Mr. Smith' MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.first_name || ' ' || p.last_name AS full_name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="starts-with" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> STARTS WITH <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="starts-with" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: STARTS WITH"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>string STARTS WITH prefix</code> Description: Tests if a string starts with a given prefix. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 'hello' STARTS WITH 'he' AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 'world' STARTS WITH 'he' AS result; -- Returns: false MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.email STARTS WITH 'admin@' RETURN p.name AS admins; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="ends-with" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> ENDS WITH <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="ends-with" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: ENDS WITH"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>string ENDS WITH suffix</code> Description: Tests if a string ends with a given suffix. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 'hello' ENDS WITH 'lo' AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 'world' ENDS WITH 'ld' AS result; -- Returns: true MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.email ENDS WITH '@company.com' RETURN p.name AS company_employees; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="contains" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> CONTAINS <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="contains" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: CONTAINS"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>string CONTAINS substring</code> Description: Tests if a string contains a substring. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 'hello world' CONTAINS 'lo wo' AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 'hello world' CONTAINS 'xyz' AS result; -- Returns: false MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.bio CONTAINS 'engineer' RETURN p.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-matching-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern Matching (<code>=~</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-matching-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern Matching (=~)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>text =~ 'pattern'</code> Description: Tests if text matches a regular expression pattern. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 'hello123' =~ '[a-z]+[0-9]+' AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 'test@example.com' =~ '.*@.*\\.com' AS email_check; MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.email =~ '.*@(gmail|yahoo)\\.com' RETURN p.name AS personal_email_users; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="postfix-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Postfix Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="postfix-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Postfix Operators"> Share link </button> </h3>Postfix operators operate on the right side of an operand. <h4 id="member-access-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Member Access (<code>.</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="member-access-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Member Access (.)"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>object.property</code> Description: Accesses a property of a node, relationship, or map. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name, p.age; MATCH (p:Person)-[r:KNOWS]->(f:Person) RETURN p.name, r.since, f.name; -- Nested property access RETURN {person: {name: 'Alice', age: 30}}.person.name AS result; -- Returns: 'Alice' </code></pre></div> <h4 id="array-index-access-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Array Index Access (<code>[index]</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="array-index-access-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Array Index Access ([index])"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>array_expression[index_expression]</code> Description: Accesses an element from a list/array by its zero-based index. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN [1, 2, 3][0] AS first; -- Returns: 1 RETURN [1, 2, 3][2] AS third; -- Returns: 3 -- Function result indexing MATCH (n) RETURN labels(n)[0] AS primary_label; -- Chained indexing RETURN [[1, 2], [3, 4]][0][1] AS result; -- Returns: 2 -- Dynamic index expression RETURN [10, 20, 30][1 + 1] AS result; -- Returns: 30 -- Combined with other operators RETURN [10, 20, 30][17 % 3] AS result; -- Returns: 30 (17 % 3 = 2) -- Property access on indexed element MATCH (n:Person) RETURN n.friends[0].name AS best_friend; </code></pre></div>Behavior: <ul> <li>Out of bounds: Returns <code>null</code> (no error)</li> <li>Negative indices: Returns <code>null</code> (does not wrap around)</li> <li>Non-list target: Returns <code>null</code></li> <li>Non-integer index: Returns <code>EvalError.TypeMismatch</code></li> </ul> Implementation: O(1) access with bounds checking. <h4 id="function-call-" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Function Call (<code>()</code>) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="function-call-" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Function Call (())"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>function_name(arg1, arg2, ...)</code> Description: Calls a built-in or user-defined function. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN count(*) AS total; RETURN length('hello') AS string_length; -- Returns: 5 RETURN upper('hello') AS uppercase; -- Returns: 'HELLO' MATCH (p:Person) RETURN sum(p.age) AS total_age, avg(p.age) AS average_age; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="set-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Set Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="set-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Set Operators"> Share link </button> </h3>Set operators test membership and null values. <h4 id="in" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> IN <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="in" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: IN"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>value IN [list]</code> Description: Tests if a value exists in a list. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 1 IN [1, 2, 3] AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 5 IN [1, 2, 3] AS result; -- Returns: false RETURN 'apple' IN ['banana', 'apple', 'orange'] AS result; -- Returns: true MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.department IN ['Engineering', 'Sales', 'Marketing'] RETURN p.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="is-null" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> IS NULL <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="is-null" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: IS NULL"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>value IS NULL</code> Description: Tests if a value is null. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN null IS NULL AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN 5 IS NULL AS result; -- Returns: false MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.middle_name IS NULL RETURN p.name AS no_middle_name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="is-not-null" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> IS NOT NULL <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="is-not-null" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: IS NOT NULL"> Share link </button> </h4>Syntax: <code>value IS NOT NULL</code> Description: Tests if a value is not null. Examples: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 5 IS NOT NULL AS result; -- Returns: true RETURN null IS NOT NULL AS result; -- Returns: false MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.email IS NOT NULL RETURN p.name, p.email; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="type-conversion-and-compatibility" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type Conversion and Compatibility <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-conversion-and-compatibility" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type Conversion and Compatibility"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="automatic-type-promotion" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Automatic Type Promotion <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="automatic-type-promotion" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Automatic Type Promotion"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode automatically promotes types in arithmetic operations: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- INTEGER + REAL → REAL RETURN 5 + 2.5 AS result; -- Returns: 7.5 (REAL) -- INTEGER / INTEGER → INTEGER (if evenly divisible) RETURN 10 / 2 AS result; -- Returns: 5 (INTEGER) -- INTEGER / REAL → REAL RETURN 10 / 2.0 AS result; -- Returns: 5.0 (REAL) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="type-compatibility-matrix" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type Compatibility Matrix <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-compatibility-matrix" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type Compatibility Matrix"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operator</th> <th>INTEGER</th> <th>REAL</th> <th>STRING</th> <th>BOOLEAN</th> <th>NULL</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>+</code>, <code>-</code>, <code>*</code>, <code>/</code>, <code>%</code></td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> <td>❌</td> <td>❌</td> <td>❌</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>=</code>, <code><></code>, <code><</code>, <code>></code>, <code><=</code>, <code>>=</code></td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>AND</code>, <code>OR</code>, <code>NOT</code></td> <td>❌</td> <td>❌</td> <td>❌</td> <td>✅</td> <td>❌</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>||</code></td> <td>❌</td> <td>❌</td> <td>✅</td> <td>❌</td> <td>❌</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>STARTS WITH</code>, <code>ENDS WITH</code>, <code>CONTAINS</code></td> <td>❌</td> <td>❌</td> <td>✅</td> <td>❌</td> <td>❌</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>IN</code></td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>IS NULL</code>, <code>IS NOT NULL</code></td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> <td>✅</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="common-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Common Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="common-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Common Patterns"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="pattern-1-range-checks" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern 1: Range Checks <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-1-range-checks" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern 1: Range Checks"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Age between 18 and 65 (inclusive) MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age >= 18 AND p.age <= 65 RETURN p.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-2-string-filtering" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern 2: String Filtering <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-2-string-filtering" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern 2: String Filtering"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Find company emails MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.email ENDS WITH '@company.com' AND p.email STARTS WITH 'admin' RETURN p.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-3-null-handling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern 3: Null Handling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-3-null-handling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern 3: Null Handling"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Find people with optional middle names MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.first_name, CASE WHEN p.middle_name IS NOT NULL THEN p.first_name || ' ' || p.middle_name || ' ' || p.last_name ELSE p.first_name || ' ' || p.last_name END AS full_name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-4-list-membership" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern 4: List Membership <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-4-list-membership" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern 4: List Membership"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Find people in specific departments MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.department IN ['Engineering', 'Sales'] AND p.level IN ['Senior', 'Lead', 'Principal'] RETURN p.name, p.department, p.level; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="error-handling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Error Handling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="error-handling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Error Handling"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="division-by-zero" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Division by Zero <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="division-by-zero" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Division by Zero"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Will raise EvalError.DivisionByZero RETURN 10 / 0 AS result; -- Safe division with CASE RETURN CASE WHEN count(p) > 0 THEN sum(p.value) / count(p) ELSE 0 END AS avg; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="type-mismatch" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type Mismatch <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-mismatch" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type Mismatch"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Will raise EvalError.TypeMismatch RETURN 'hello' + 5 AS result; -- Correct: Convert types first RETURN 'hello' || toString(5) AS result; -- Returns: 'hello5' </code></pre></div> <h4 id="null-propagation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Null Propagation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="null-propagation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Null Propagation"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Nulls propagate through most operators RETURN null + 5 AS result; -- Returns: null RETURN null = 5 AS result; -- Returns: null (three-valued logic) -- Use IS NULL for explicit null checks RETURN null IS NULL AS result; -- Returns: true </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="performance-considerations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Considerations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-considerations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Considerations"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="operator-efficiency" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Operator Efficiency <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="operator-efficiency" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Operator Efficiency"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operator Type</th> <th>Typical Performance</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Arithmetic</td> <td>O(1)</td> <td>Fast integer/float operations</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Comparison</td> <td>O(1)</td> <td>Efficient for primitives, O(n) for strings</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Logical</td> <td>O(1)</td> <td>Short-circuit evaluation (AND/OR)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>String</td> <td>O(n)</td> <td>Length-dependent for CONTAINS, STARTS WITH, etc.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Array Index</td> <td>O(1)</td> <td>Constant-time array access</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Member Access</td> <td>O(1)</td> <td>Hash-based property lookup</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="optimization-tips" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Optimization Tips <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="optimization-tips" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Optimization Tips"> Share link </button> </h4>1. Use indexes for equality checks: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Fast with index on :Person(email) MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.email = 'user@example.com' RETURN p; </code></pre></div>2. Avoid expensive string operations in tight loops: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Inefficient: String concatenation in every row MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.first_name || ' ' || p.last_name AS full_name; -- Better: Precompute or use database function if available </code></pre></div>3. Use short-circuit evaluation: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- AND short-circuits on first false MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.active = false AND expensive_function(p) -- expensive_function not called if inactive RETURN p; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="quick-reference-card" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Quick Reference Card <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="quick-reference-card" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Quick Reference Card"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="operator-symbols" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Operator Symbols <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="operator-symbols" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Operator Symbols"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Symbol</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Result</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>+</code></td> <td>Addition</td> <td><code>5 + 3</code></td> <td><code>8</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>-</code></td> <td>Subtraction</td> <td><code>10 - 3</code></td> <td><code>7</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>*</code></td> <td>Multiplication</td> <td><code>5 * 3</code></td> <td><code>15</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>/</code></td> <td>Division</td> <td><code>10 / 2</code></td> <td><code>5</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>%</code></td> <td>Modulo</td> <td><code>17 % 5</code></td> <td><code>2</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>=</code></td> <td>Equality</td> <td><code>5 = 5</code></td> <td><code>true</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><></code></td> <td>Inequality</td> <td><code>5 <> 10</code></td> <td><code>true</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><</code></td> <td>Less than</td> <td><code>5 < 10</code></td> <td><code>true</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>></code></td> <td>Greater than</td> <td><code>10 > 5</code></td> <td><code>true</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code><=</code></td> <td>Less or equal</td> <td><code>5 <= 5</code></td> <td><code>true</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>>=</code></td> <td>Greater or equal</td> <td><code>10 >= 5</code></td> <td><code>true</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>AND</code></td> <td>Logical AND</td> <td><code>true AND false</code></td> <td><code>false</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>OR</code></td> <td>Logical OR</td> <td><code>true OR false</code></td> <td><code>true</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>NOT</code></td> <td>Logical NOT</td> <td><code>NOT true</code></td> <td><code>false</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>||</code></td> <td>Concatenation</td> <td><code>'a' || 'b'</code></td> <td><code>'ab'</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>.</code></td> <td>Member access</td> <td><code>p.name</code></td> <td>Property value</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>[]</code></td> <td>Array index</td> <td><code>[1,2,3][0]</code></td> <td><code>1</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>IN</code></td> <td>Membership</td> <td><code>1 IN [1,2]</code></td> <td><code>true</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>IS NULL</code></td> <td>Null check</td> <td><code>null IS NULL</code></td> <td><code>true</code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="practice-exercises" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Practice Exercises <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="practice-exercises" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Practice Exercises"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="exercise-1-operator-precedence" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Exercise 1: Operator Precedence <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="exercise-1-operator-precedence" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Exercise 1: Operator Precedence"> Share link </button> </h4>Question: What does this expression return? <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">RETURN 10 + 2 * 5 % 3 AS result; </code></pre></div>Answer: <code>10</code> (Evaluation: <code>10 + ((2 * 5) % 3)</code> = <code>10 + 0</code> = <code>10</code>) <h4 id="exercise-2-string-operations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Exercise 2: String Operations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="exercise-2-string-operations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Exercise 2: String Operations"> Share link </button> </h4>Task: Write a query to find people with Gmail or Yahoo email addresses. Solution: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.email =~ '.*@(gmail|yahoo)\\.com' RETURN p.name, p.email; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="exercise-3-array-indexing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Exercise 3: Array Indexing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="exercise-3-array-indexing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Exercise 3: Array Indexing"> Share link </button> </h4>Task: Get the second friend’s name for each person. Solution: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) WHERE size(p.friends) >= 2 RETURN p.name, p.friends[1].name AS second_friend; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="next-steps" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Next Steps <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="next-steps" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Next Steps"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/reference/type-conversion/" >Type Conversion Reference</a> - Type casting and conversion functions</li> <li><a href="/docs/reference/api-reference-complete/" >GQL Functions</a> - Built-in function reference</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/performance-tuning/" >Query Optimization</a> - Optimize operator usage</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql/guide/" >GQL Guide</a> - Complete GQL syntax guide</li> </ul> <hr> <h3 id="related-documentation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Documentation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-documentation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Documentation"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/gql/conformance-profile/" >GQL Compliance</a> - ISO/IEC 39075:2024 standard adherence</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/explain-profile/" >EXPLAIN and PROFILE</a> - Analyze operator execution</li> <li><a href="/docs/data-types/" >Data Types Reference</a> - Complete type system</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql/advanced-patterns/" >Advanced GQL Patterns</a> - Complex query patterns</li> </ul> <hr> Last Updated: January 24, 2026 Geode Version: v0.2.18+ ISO GQL Conformance Profile: ISO/IEC 39075:2024 compliance (see conformance profile)