Index Types Reference | Geode Database

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This reference documents all index types, their configuration options, and performance characteristics. <h3 id="index-overview" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Index Overview <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="index-overview" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Index Overview"> Share link </button> </h3><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Index Type</th> <th>Best For</th> <th>Complexity</th> <th>Storage Overhead</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>B-tree</td> <td>Range queries, sorting</td> <td>O(log N)</td> <td>Low-Medium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hash</td> <td>Exact equality</td> <td>O(1)</td> <td>Low</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Full-text</td> <td>Text search with ranking</td> <td>O(log N)</td> <td>Medium-High</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Spatial</td> <td>Geographic queries</td> <td>O(log N)</td> <td>Medium</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vector (HNSW)</td> <td>Similarity search</td> <td>O(log N)</td> <td>High</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Composite</td> <td>Multi-property queries</td> <td>O(log N)</td> <td>Medium</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="b-tree-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> B-tree Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="b-tree-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: B-tree Index"> Share link </button> </h3>B-tree indexes are the default index type, providing balanced performance for range queries and equality lookups. <h4 id="syntax" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Syntax <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="syntax" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Syntax"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX [index_name] ON :Label(property) USING BTREE; CREATE INDEX [index_name] ON :Label(property); -- BTREE is default </code></pre></div> <h4 id="configuration-options" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration Options <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration-options" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration Options"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX person_age_idx ON :Person(age) USING BTREE OPTIONS { fill_factor: 0.9, -- Page fill factor (default: 0.9) unique: false, -- Enforce uniqueness nulls_distinct: true -- Treat NULLs as distinct values }; </code></pre></div><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Option</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Default</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>fill_factor</code></td> <td>Float</td> <td>0.9</td> <td>Page fill percentage (0.5-1.0)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>unique</code></td> <td>Boolean</td> <td>false</td> <td>Enforce unique constraint</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>nulls_distinct</code></td> <td>Boolean</td> <td>true</td> <td>Whether NULL values are distinct</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="supported-operations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Supported Operations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="supported-operations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Supported Operations"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operation</th> <th>Supported</th> <th>Example</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Equality (<code>=</code>)</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE p.age = 30</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Range (<code><</code>, <code>></code>, <code><=</code>, <code>>=</code>)</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE p.age > 25</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>BETWEEN</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE p.age BETWEEN 20 AND 40</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>IS NULL</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE p.age IS NULL</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>STARTS WITH</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE p.name STARTS WITH 'Al'</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>ORDER BY</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>ORDER BY p.age</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>IN list</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE p.age IN [25, 30, 35]</code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="performance-characteristics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Characteristics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-characteristics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Characteristics"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gdscript3" data-lang="gdscript3">Operation | Time Complexity | Notes -------------------|-----------------|---------------------------------- Point lookup | O(log N) | Tree traversal Range scan | O(log N + K) | K = result count Insert | O(log N) | May trigger page split Delete | O(log N) | May trigger page merge Bulk load | O(N log N) | Sequential insert optimization </code></pre></div> <h4 id="examples" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Examples <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="examples" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Examples"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Range query with ordering CREATE INDEX person_age_idx ON :Person(age) USING BTREE; MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age >= 25 AND p.age <= 65 RETURN p.name, p.age ORDER BY p.age DESC; -- Prefix search CREATE INDEX person_name_idx ON :Person(name) USING BTREE; MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.name STARTS WITH 'Alex' RETURN p.name; -- Unique constraint CREATE INDEX person_email_unique ON :Person(email) USING BTREE OPTIONS { unique: true }; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="hash-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Hash Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="hash-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Hash Index"> Share link </button> </h3>Hash indexes provide O(1) lookup performance for exact equality queries. <h4 id="syntax-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Syntax <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="syntax-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Syntax"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX [index_name] ON :Label(property) USING HASH; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="configuration-options-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration Options <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration-options-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration Options"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX user_id_idx ON :User(id) USING HASH OPTIONS { bucket_count: 1024, -- Initial hash buckets load_factor: 0.75 -- Resize threshold }; </code></pre></div><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Option</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Default</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>bucket_count</code></td> <td>Integer</td> <td>1024</td> <td>Initial number of hash buckets</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>load_factor</code></td> <td>Float</td> <td>0.75</td> <td>Resize when load exceeds this</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="supported-operations-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Supported Operations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="supported-operations-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Supported Operations"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operation</th> <th>Supported</th> <th>Example</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Equality (<code>=</code>)</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE u.email = '[email protected]'</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>IN list</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE u.id IN [1, 2, 3]</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>IS NULL</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE u.phone IS NULL</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Range (<code><</code>, <code>></code>)</td> <td>No</td> <td>Use B-tree instead</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ORDER BY</td> <td>No</td> <td>Use B-tree instead</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="performance-characteristics-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Characteristics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-characteristics-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Characteristics"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gdscript3" data-lang="gdscript3">Operation | Time Complexity | Notes -------------------|-----------------|---------------------------------- Point lookup | O(1) average | O(N) worst case with collisions Insert | O(1) average | May trigger rehash Delete | O(1) average | Tombstone-based Bulk load | O(N) | Linear time </code></pre></div> <h4 id="examples-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Examples <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="examples-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Examples"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- High-cardinality equality lookup CREATE INDEX user_email_idx ON :User(email) USING HASH; MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.email = 'alice@example.com' RETURN u; -- UUID lookups CREATE INDEX session_id_idx ON :Session(id) USING HASH; MATCH (s:Session) WHERE s.id = '550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000' RETURN s; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="when-to-use-hash-vs-b-tree" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> When to Use Hash vs B-tree <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="when-to-use-hash-vs-b-tree" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: When to Use Hash vs B-tree"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Scenario</th> <th>Recommendation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Only equality queries</td> <td>Hash (faster)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Need range queries</td> <td>B-tree</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Need sorting</td> <td>B-tree</td> </tr> <tr> <td>High-cardinality unique values</td> <td>Hash</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Low-cardinality (few distinct values)</td> <td>B-tree</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="full-text-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Full-text Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="full-text-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Full-text Index"> Share link </button> </h3>Full-text indexes enable text search with BM25 relevance ranking. <h4 id="syntax-2" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Syntax <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="syntax-2" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Syntax"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX [index_name] ON :Label(property) USING FULLTEXT; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="configuration-options-2" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration Options <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration-options-2" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration Options"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX article_content_idx ON :Article(content) USING FULLTEXT OPTIONS { language: 'english', -- Stemming language min_word_length: 3, -- Minimum word length stop_words: 'default', -- Stop word list k1: 1.2, -- BM25 term frequency saturation b: 0.75 -- BM25 length normalization }; </code></pre></div><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Option</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Default</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>language</code></td> <td>String</td> <td>’english'</td> <td>Stemming/stopwords language</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>min_word_length</code></td> <td>Integer</td> <td>2</td> <td>Minimum indexed word length</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>stop_words</code></td> <td>String</td> <td>‘default’</td> <td>Stop word list (‘default’, ’none’, or custom)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>k1</code></td> <td>Float</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>BM25 term frequency saturation</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>b</code></td> <td>Float</td> <td>0.75</td> <td>BM25 length normalization (0-1)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="supported-operations-2" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Supported Operations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="supported-operations-2" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Supported Operations"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operation</th> <th>Supported</th> <th>Example</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>fulltext_match()</code></td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE fulltext_match(a.content, 'graph database')</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>bm25_score()</code></td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>RETURN bm25_score(a.content, 'query') AS score</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Boolean operators</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>'graph AND database'</code>, <code>'graph OR network'</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Phrase search</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>'"graph database"'</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wildcard</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>'graph*'</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fuzzy search</td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>'grph~'</code> (edit distance 1)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="bm25-scoring" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> BM25 Scoring <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="bm25-scoring" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: BM25 Scoring"> Share link </button> </h4>The BM25 algorithm provides relevance ranking: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">BM25(d, q) = SUM_i [ IDF(qi) * f(qi,d) * (k1+1) / (f(qi,d) + k1*(1-b+b*|d|/avgdl)) ] Where: - f(qi,d) = frequency of term qi in document d - |d| = document length (word count) - avgdl = average document length - k1 = term frequency saturation (higher = more weight to frequency) - b = length normalization (higher = penalize long documents more) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="examples-2" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Examples <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="examples-2" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Examples"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Basic full-text search CREATE INDEX doc_content_idx ON :Document(content) USING FULLTEXT; MATCH (d:Document) WHERE fulltext_match(d.content, 'graph database performance') RETURN d.title, bm25_score(d.content, 'graph database performance') AS relevance ORDER BY relevance DESC LIMIT 10; -- Boolean operators MATCH (d:Document) WHERE fulltext_match(d.content, 'graph AND (database OR storage) NOT sql') RETURN d.title; -- Phrase search MATCH (d:Document) WHERE fulltext_match(d.content, '"property graph"') RETURN d.title; -- Fuzzy search (typo-tolerant) MATCH (d:Document) WHERE fulltext_match(d.content, 'databse~') -- Matches "database" RETURN d.title; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="spatial-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Spatial Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="spatial-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Spatial Index"> Share link </button> </h3>Spatial indexes (R-tree) enable efficient geographic queries. <h4 id="syntax-3" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Syntax <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="syntax-3" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Syntax"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX [index_name] ON :Label(property) USING SPATIAL; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="configuration-options-3" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration Options <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration-options-3" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration Options"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX location_idx ON :Store(location) USING SPATIAL OPTIONS { srid: 4326, -- Spatial Reference ID (WGS84) precision: 'high' -- Index precision }; </code></pre></div><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Option</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Default</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>srid</code></td> <td>Integer</td> <td>4326</td> <td>Spatial Reference System ID</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>precision</code></td> <td>String</td> <td>‘high’</td> <td>Index precision (’low’, ‘medium’, ‘high’)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="supported-operations-3" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Supported Operations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="supported-operations-3" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Supported Operations"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operation</th> <th>Supported</th> <th>Example</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>geo_distance()</code></td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE geo_distance(s.location, point) < 5000</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>geo_within_box()</code></td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE geo_within_box(s.location, sw, ne)</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>geo_within_polygon()</code></td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE geo_within_polygon(s.location, polygon)</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>geo_contains()</code></td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE geo_contains(region, point)</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>geo_intersects()</code></td> <td>Yes</td> <td><code>WHERE geo_intersects(area1, area2)</code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="performance-characteristics-2" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Characteristics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-characteristics-2" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Characteristics"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">Operation | Time Complexity | Notes -------------------|-----------------|---------------------------------- Point-in-region | O(log N) | R-tree traversal k-nearest | O(log N + K) | Priority queue search Range query | O(log N + K) | Bounding box filter Insert | O(log N) | May trigger split </code></pre></div> <h4 id="examples-3" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Examples <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="examples-3" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Examples"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Find stores within 5km CREATE INDEX store_location_idx ON :Store(location) USING SPATIAL; MATCH (s:Store) WHERE geo_distance(s.location, latlon(40.7128, -74.0060)) < 5000 RETURN s.name, geo_distance(s.location, latlon(40.7128, -74.0060)) AS meters ORDER BY meters LIMIT 10; -- Bounding box query MATCH (s:Store) WHERE geo_within_box(s.location, latlon(40.70, -74.05), -- Southwest corner latlon(40.75, -73.95)) -- Northeast corner RETURN s.name; -- Polygon containment WITH polygon([ latlon(40.70, -74.05), latlon(40.70, -73.95), latlon(40.75, -73.95), latlon(40.75, -74.05) ]) AS nyc_area MATCH (s:Store) WHERE geo_within_polygon(s.location, nyc_area) RETURN s.name; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="vector-index-hnsw" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Vector Index (HNSW) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vector-index-hnsw" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Vector Index (HNSW)"> Share link </button> </h3>Vector indexes enable approximate nearest neighbor (ANN) search using HNSW (Hierarchical Navigable Small World) algorithm with SIMD acceleration. <h4 id="syntax-4" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Syntax <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="syntax-4" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Syntax"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX [index_name] ON :Label(property) USING VECTOR; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="configuration-options-4" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration Options <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration-options-4" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration Options"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX embedding_idx ON :Document(embedding) USING VECTOR OPTIONS { dimensions: 512, -- Vector dimensions (required if not inferred) metric: 'l2', -- Distance metric m: 16, -- HNSW max connections per layer ef_construction: 200, -- Build-time search width ef_search: 100 -- Query-time search width }; </code></pre></div><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Option</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Default</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>dimensions</code></td> <td>Integer</td> <td>(inferred)</td> <td>Vector dimensions</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>metric</code></td> <td>String</td> <td>’l2’</td> <td>Distance metric: ’l2’, ‘cosine’, ‘dot’</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>m</code></td> <td>Integer</td> <td>16</td> <td>Max connections per node per layer</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>ef_construction</code></td> <td>Integer</td> <td>200</td> <td>Construction search width (accuracy vs speed)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>ef_search</code></td> <td>Integer</td> <td>100</td> <td>Query search width (accuracy vs speed)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="distance-metrics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Distance Metrics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="distance-metrics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Distance Metrics"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Metric</th> <th>Function</th> <th>Best For</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>l2</code></td> <td><code>vector_distance_l2()</code></td> <td>Euclidean distance (general purpose)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>cosine</code></td> <td><code>vector_distance_cosine()</code></td> <td>Normalized vectors (text embeddings)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>dot</code></td> <td><code>vector_distance_dot()</code></td> <td>Inner product (maximum inner product search)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="performance-characteristics-3" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Characteristics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-characteristics-3" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Characteristics"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gdscript3" data-lang="gdscript3">Operation | Time Complexity | Notes -------------------|-----------------|---------------------------------- k-NN search | O(log N) | Approximate, SIMD-accelerated Insert | O(log N) | Builds graph structure Delete | O(log N) | Marks as deleted (lazy cleanup) Build | O(N log N) | Initial index construction </code></pre></div> <h4 id="hnsw-tuning-guide" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> HNSW Tuning Guide <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="hnsw-tuning-guide" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: HNSW Tuning Guide"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Parameter</th> <th>Low Value</th> <th>High Value</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>m</code></td> <td>Faster build, less memory</td> <td>Better recall, more memory</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>ef_construction</code></td> <td>Faster build</td> <td>Better index quality</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>ef_search</code></td> <td>Faster queries</td> <td>Better recall</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Recommended settings by use case: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Use Case</th> <th>m</th> <th>ef_construction</th> <th>ef_search</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Low latency</td> <td>8</td> <td>100</td> <td>50</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Balanced</td> <td>16</td> <td>200</td> <td>100</td> </tr> <tr> <td>High recall</td> <td>32</td> <td>400</td> <td>200</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="examples-4" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Examples <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="examples-4" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Examples"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create vector index CREATE INDEX doc_embedding_idx ON :Document(embedding) USING VECTOR OPTIONS { metric: 'cosine', m: 16, ef_search: 100 }; -- k-NN similarity search MATCH (d:Document) WITH d, vector_distance_cosine(d.embedding, $query_vector) AS distance WHERE distance < 0.5 RETURN d.title, distance ORDER BY distance LIMIT 10; -- Find similar documents to a given document MATCH (source:Document {id: 123}) MATCH (d:Document) WHERE d.id <> source.id WITH d, vector_distance_cosine(d.embedding, source.embedding) AS similarity RETURN d.title, similarity ORDER BY similarity LIMIT 5; -- Hybrid search: vector + filter MATCH (d:Document) WHERE d.category = 'technical' WITH d, vector_distance_l2(d.embedding, $query_vector) AS distance RETURN d.title, distance ORDER BY distance LIMIT 10; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="composite-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Composite Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="composite-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Composite Index"> Share link </button> </h3>Composite indexes span multiple properties for complex query patterns. <h4 id="syntax-5" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Syntax <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="syntax-5" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Syntax"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX [index_name] ON :Label(prop1, prop2, ...) USING BTREE; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="configuration-options-5" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration Options <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration-options-5" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration Options"> Share link </button> </h4>Same as B-tree index. <h4 id="column-ordering" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Column Ordering <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="column-ordering" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Column Ordering"> Share link </button> </h4>Important: Column order affects which queries can use the index. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Index on (lastname, firstname) CREATE INDEX person_name_idx ON :Person(lastname, firstname); -- Can use index: WHERE p.lastname = 'Smith' -- Leading column WHERE p.lastname = 'Smith' AND p.firstname = 'John' -- Both columns -- Cannot use index efficiently: WHERE p.firstname = 'John' -- Non-leading column only </code></pre></div> <h4 id="examples-5" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Examples <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="examples-5" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Examples"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Composite index for common query pattern CREATE INDEX order_customer_date_idx ON :Order(customer_id, order_date); -- Query using both columns (optimal) MATCH (o:Order) WHERE o.customer_id = 123 AND o.order_date >= date('2026-01-01') RETURN o; -- Query using leading column only (still uses index) MATCH (o:Order) WHERE o.customer_id = 123 RETURN o; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="specialized-indexes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Specialized Indexes <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="specialized-indexes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Specialized Indexes"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode implements additional specialized indexes automatically for certain data types. <h4 id="jsonb-inverted-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> JSONB Inverted Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="jsonb-inverted-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: JSONB Inverted Index"> Share link </button> </h4>Automatically created for JSONB properties to support path queries. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- JSONB path queries use inverted index MATCH (d:Document) WHERE d.metadata->'author' = '"Alice"' RETURN d; MATCH (d:Document) WHERE d.metadata->'tags'->0 = '"ml"' RETURN d; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="interval-tree-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Interval Tree Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="interval-tree-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Interval Tree Index"> Share link </button> </h4>Automatically used for temporal overlap queries. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Interval overlap queries MATCH (e:Event) WHERE e.duration OVERLAPS interval('[2026-01-01, 2026-01-31]') RETURN e; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="patricia-trie-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Patricia Trie Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="patricia-trie-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Patricia Trie Index"> Share link </button> </h4>Automatically used for IP address prefix queries. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- IP subnet containment MATCH (s:Server) WHERE subnet_contains('10.0.0.0/8'::subnet, s.ip) RETURN s; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="index-management" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Index Management <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="index-management" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Index Management"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="listing-indexes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Listing Indexes <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="listing-indexes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Listing Indexes"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Show all indexes SHOW INDEXES; -- Show indexes for a label SHOW INDEXES ON :Person; -- Show index details SHOW INDEX person_email_idx; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="dropping-indexes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Dropping Indexes <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="dropping-indexes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Dropping Indexes"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Drop by name DROP INDEX person_email_idx; -- Drop with IF EXISTS DROP INDEX IF EXISTS person_email_idx; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="index-statistics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Index Statistics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="index-statistics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Index Statistics"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- View index statistics CALL db.index.stats('person_email_idx'); -- Update index statistics CALL db.index.analyze('person_email_idx'); -- Rebuild index CALL db.index.rebuild('person_email_idx'); </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="best-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Best Practices <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="best-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Best Practices"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="1-index-selection-guidelines" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 1. Index Selection Guidelines <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="1-index-selection-guidelines" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 1. Index Selection Guidelines"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Query Pattern</th> <th>Recommended Index</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Equality on unique values</td> <td>Hash</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Equality on non-unique values</td> <td>B-tree or Hash</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Range queries</td> <td>B-tree</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Text search</td> <td>Full-text</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Geographic queries</td> <td>Spatial</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vector similarity</td> <td>Vector (HNSW)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multi-property queries</td> <td>Composite B-tree</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="2-avoid-over-indexing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 2. Avoid Over-Indexing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="2-avoid-over-indexing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 2. Avoid Over-Indexing"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Each index adds write overhead (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE)</li> <li>Each index consumes disk space</li> <li>Only index properties used in WHERE, ORDER BY, or JOIN conditions</li> </ul> <h4 id="3-monitor-index-usage" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 3. Monitor Index Usage <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="3-monitor-index-usage" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 3. Monitor Index Usage"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Check if index is being used EXPLAIN MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.email = 'alice@example.com' RETURN p; -- Look for "uses index: <name>" in output </code></pre></div> <h4 id="4-consider-covering-indexes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 4. Consider Covering Indexes <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="4-consider-covering-indexes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 4. Consider Covering Indexes"> Share link </button> </h4>Include all needed columns to avoid table lookups: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Composite index covers the query CREATE INDEX person_name_email_idx ON :Person(name, email); -- Query returns indexed columns only (no table lookup) MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.name = 'Alice' RETURN p.email; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="performance-comparison" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Comparison <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-comparison" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Comparison"> Share link </button> </h3><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Index Type</th> <th>Read</th> <th>Write</th> <th>Memory</th> <th>Best Use Case</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>B-tree</td> <td>Fast</td> <td>Fast</td> <td>Medium</td> <td>General purpose</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hash</td> <td>Fastest</td> <td>Fast</td> <td>Low</td> <td>Unique lookups</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Full-text</td> <td>Fast</td> <td>Slow</td> <td>High</td> <td>Text search</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Spatial</td> <td>Fast</td> <td>Medium</td> <td>Medium</td> <td>Geographic</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vector</td> <td>Fast</td> <td>Slow</td> <td>Very High</td> <td>ML embeddings</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="related-documentation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Documentation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-documentation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Documentation"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization/" >Indexing and Optimization</a> - Query optimization guide</li> <li><a href="/docs/reference/types/" >Data Types Reference</a> - Type-specific indexing</li> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/storage-engine/" >Storage Engine Architecture</a> - Index storage internals</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/performance-tuning/" >Performance Tuning</a> - Optimization strategies</li> </ul> <hr> Last Updated: January 28, 2026 Geode Version: v0.2.18+ ISO GQL Conformance Profile: ISO/IEC 39075:2024 compliance (see conformance profile)