GQL Quick Reference | Geode Database

<h2 id="gql-quick-reference" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> GQL Quick Reference <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="gql-quick-reference" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: GQL Quick Reference"> Share link </button> </h2><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Permalink</label> <div class="input-group mb-4 hsm-url-group"> <input id="headingShareInput" type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" readonly aria-readonly="true" style="font-size: 0.85rem;" /> <button class="btn btn-primary hsm-copy" type="button" aria-label="Copy" title="Copy"> </button> </div> <div class="small fw-bold mb-2 text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Share via</div> <div class="hsm-share-grid"> <a id="share-twitter" class="btn btn-outline-secondary w-100" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Twitter </a> <a id="share-linkedin" class="btn btn-outline-secondary w-100" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> LinkedIn </a> <a id="share-facebook" class="btn btn-outline-secondary w-100" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Facebook </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style> .heading-share-modal { position: fixed; inset: 0; display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); z-index: 1050; padding: 1rem; backdrop-filter: blur(4px); -webkit-backdrop-filter: blur(4px); } .heading-share-modal[hidden] { display: none !important; } .hsm-dialog { max-width: 420px; width: 100%; background: var(--bs-body-bg, #fff); color: var(--bs-body-color, #212529); border: 1px solid var(--bs-border-color, rgba(0,0,0,0.1)); border-radius: 1rem; box-shadow: 0 25px 50px -12px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.25); overflow: hidden; animation: hsm-fade-in 0.2s ease-out; } @keyframes hsm-fade-in { from { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0.95); } to { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); } } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-dialog { background: #1e293b; border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1); color: #f8f9fa; } .hsm-header { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; align-items: center; padding: 1rem 1.5rem; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--bs-border-color, rgba(0,0,0,0.1)); background: rgba(0,0,0,0.02); } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-header { background: rgba(255,255,255,0.02); border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.1); } .hsm-close { background: transparent; border: none; color: inherit; opacity: 0.5; padding: 0.25rem 0.5rem; border-radius: 0.25rem; font-size: 1.2rem; line-height: 1; transition: opacity 0.2s; } .hsm-close:hover { opacity: 1; } .hsm-body { padding: 1.5rem; } .hsm-url-group { display: flex !important; align-items: stretch; } .hsm-url-group .form-control { flex: 1; min-width: 0; margin: 0; background: var(--bs-secondary-bg, #f8f9fa); border-color: var(--bs-border-color, #dee2e6); border-top-right-radius: 0; border-bottom-right-radius: 0; height: 42px; } .hsm-url-group .btn { flex: 0 0 auto; margin: 0; margin-left: -1px; border-top-left-radius: 0; border-bottom-left-radius: 0; height: 42px; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; padding: 0 1.25rem; z-index: 2; } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-url-group .form-control { background: #0f172a; border-color: #334155; color: #e2e8f0; } .hsm-share-grid { display: flex; flex-direction: column; gap: 0.5rem; } .hsm-share-grid .btn { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; font-size: 0.9rem; padding: 0.6rem; border-color: var(--bs-border-color); width: 100%; } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-share-grid .btn { color: #e2e8f0; border-color: #475569; } [data-bs-theme="dark"] .hsm-share-grid .btn:hover { background: #334155; border-color: #cbd5e1; } </style> <script> (function(){ const modal = document.getElementById('headingShareModal'); if(!modal) return; const input = modal.querySelector('#headingShareInput'); const copyBtn = modal.querySelector('.hsm-copy'); const twitter = modal.querySelector('#share-twitter'); const linkedin = modal.querySelector('#share-linkedin'); const facebook = modal.querySelector('#share-facebook'); const closeBtn = modal.querySelector('.hsm-close'); let lastFocus=null; let trapBound=false; function buildUrl(id){ return window.location.origin + window.location.pathname + '#' + id; } function isOpen(){ return !modal.hasAttribute('hidden'); } function hydrate(id){ const url=buildUrl(id); input.value=url; const enc=encodeURIComponent(url); const text=encodeURIComponent(document.title); if(twitter) twitter.href=`https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=${enc}&text=${text}`; if(linkedin) linkedin.href=`https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=${enc}`; if(facebook) facebook.href=`https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=${enc}`; } function openModal(id){ lastFocus=document.activeElement; hydrate(id); if(!isOpen()){ modal.removeAttribute('hidden'); } requestAnimationFrame(()=>{ input.focus(); }); trapFocus(); } function closeModal(){ if(!isOpen()) return; modal.setAttribute('hidden',''); if(lastFocus && typeof lastFocus.focus==='function') lastFocus.focus(); } function copyCurrent(){ try{ navigator.clipboard.writeText(input.value).then(()=>feedback(true),()=>fallback()); } catch(e){ fallback(); } } function fallback(){ input.select(); try{ document.execCommand('copy'); feedback(true);}catch(e){ feedback(false);} } function feedback(ok){ if(!copyBtn) return; const icon=copyBtn.querySelector('i'); if(!icon) return; const prev=copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')||icon.className; if(!copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')) copyBtn.setAttribute('data-prev',prev); icon.className= ok ? 'fa-duotone fa-clipboard-check':'fa-duotone fa-circle-exclamation'; setTimeout(()=>{ icon.className=prev; },1800); } function handleShareClick(e){ e.preventDefault(); const btn=e.currentTarget; const id=btn.getAttribute('data-share-target'); if(id) openModal(id); } function bindShareButtons(){ document.querySelectorAll('.h-share').forEach(btn=>{ if(!btn.dataset.hShareBound){ btn.addEventListener('click', handleShareClick); btn.dataset.hShareBound='1'; } }); } bindShareButtons(); if(document.readyState==='loading'){ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bindShareButtons); } else { requestAnimationFrame(bindShareButtons); } document.addEventListener('click', function(e){ const shareBtn=e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.h-share'); if(shareBtn && !shareBtn.dataset.hShareBound){ handleShareClick.call(shareBtn, e); } }, true); document.addEventListener('click', e=>{ if(e.target===modal) closeModal(); if(e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-close')){ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); } if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script>A fast-lookup reference for Graph Query Language (GQL) syntax, patterns, and commands. Use this guide for quick syntax checks and common pattern examples. <h3 id="pattern-syntax" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern Syntax <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-syntax" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern Syntax"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="node-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Node Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="node-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Node Patterns"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Basic node (n) -- Node with label (n:Person) -- Node with multiple labels (n:Person:Employee) -- Node with properties (n:Person {name: 'Alice', age: 30}) -- Anonymous node (:Person) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="relationship-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Relationship Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="relationship-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Relationship Patterns"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Directed relationship (outgoing) (a)-[:KNOWS]->(b) -- Directed relationship (incoming) (a)<-[:KNOWS]-(b) -- Undirected relationship (a)-[:KNOWS]-(b) -- Relationship with properties (a)-[:KNOWS {since: 2020}]->(b) -- Relationship with variable (a)-[r:KNOWS]->(b) -- Multiple relationship types (a)-[:KNOWS|:FOLLOWS]->(b) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="variable-length-paths" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Variable-Length Paths <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="variable-length-paths" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Variable-Length Paths"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Exactly 2 hops (a)-[:KNOWS*2]->(b) -- 1 to 3 hops (a)-[:KNOWS*1..3]->(b) -- 0 or more hops (a)-[:KNOWS*0..]->(b) -- 1 or more hops (a)-[:KNOWS*1..]->(b) -- Up to 5 hops (a)-[:KNOWS*..5]->(b) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="query-clauses" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Clauses <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-clauses" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Clauses"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="match" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> MATCH <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="match" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: MATCH"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Basic match MATCH (n:Person) RETURN n.name -- Multiple patterns MATCH (a:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(b:Person) RETURN a.name, b.name -- Optional match (left outer join) MATCH (a:Person) OPTIONAL MATCH (a)-[:WORKS_FOR]->(c:Company) RETURN a.name, c.name </code></pre></div> <h4 id="where" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> WHERE <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="where" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: WHERE"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Equality WHERE n.name = 'Alice' -- Comparison WHERE n.age > 30 WHERE n.age >= 18 AND n.age <= 65 -- String matching WHERE n.name STARTS WITH 'A' WHERE n.name ENDS WITH 'son' WHERE n.name CONTAINS 'li' -- Regular expression WHERE n.email =~ '.*@example\\.com' -- IN list WHERE n.status IN ['active', 'pending'] -- NULL checks WHERE n.email IS NOT NULL WHERE n.deleted IS NULL -- Boolean operators WHERE n.active = true AND n.verified = true WHERE n.role = 'admin' OR n.role = 'moderator' WHERE NOT n.banned </code></pre></div> <h4 id="return" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> RETURN <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="return" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: RETURN"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Return properties RETURN n.name, n.age -- Alias RETURN n.name AS person_name -- Expression RETURN n.firstName + ' ' + n.lastName AS full_name -- Distinct RETURN DISTINCT n.city -- All properties RETURN n </code></pre></div> <h4 id="order-by" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> ORDER BY <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="order-by" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: ORDER BY"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Ascending (default) ORDER BY n.name -- Descending ORDER BY n.age DESC -- Multiple columns ORDER BY n.lastName, n.firstName -- Mixed direction ORDER BY n.score DESC, n.name ASC -- NULL handling ORDER BY n.value NULLS FIRST ORDER BY n.value NULLS LAST </code></pre></div> <h4 id="limit-and-offset" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> LIMIT and OFFSET <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="limit-and-offset" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: LIMIT and OFFSET"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Limit results LIMIT 10 -- Skip first N results OFFSET 20 -- Pagination LIMIT 10 OFFSET 20 </code></pre></div> <h4 id="with" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> WITH <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="with" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: WITH"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Pipeline stages MATCH (n:Person) WITH n, n.age AS age WHERE age > 30 RETURN n.name -- Aggregation in pipeline MATCH (p:Person)-[:PURCHASED]->(prod:Product) WITH p, count(prod) AS purchases WHERE purchases > 5 RETURN p.name, purchases </code></pre></div> <h3 id="data-modification" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Data Modification <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-modification" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Modification"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="create" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> CREATE <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="create" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: CREATE"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create node CREATE (n:Person {name: 'Alice', age: 30}) -- Create with return CREATE (n:Person {name: 'Bob'}) RETURN n -- Create relationship MATCH (a:Person {name: 'Alice'}), (b:Person {name: 'Bob'}) CREATE (a)-[:KNOWS {since: 2024}]->(b) -- Create path CREATE (a:Person {name: 'Alice'})-[:KNOWS]->(b:Person {name: 'Bob'}) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="merge" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> MERGE <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="merge" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: MERGE"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Merge node (create if not exists) MERGE (n:Person {email: 'alice@example.com'}) -- On create/match actions MERGE (n:Person {email: 'alice@example.com'}) ON CREATE SET n.created = datetime() ON MATCH SET n.accessed = datetime() -- Merge relationship MATCH (a:Person {name: 'Alice'}), (b:Person {name: 'Bob'}) MERGE (a)-[:KNOWS]->(b) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="set" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> SET <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="set" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: SET"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Set property SET n.age = 31 -- Set multiple properties SET n.age = 31, n.city = 'Seattle' -- Set from map SET n += {age: 31, city: 'Seattle'} -- Set label SET n:Employee -- Remove property (set to null) SET n.temp = null </code></pre></div> <h4 id="remove" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> REMOVE <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="remove" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: REMOVE"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Remove property REMOVE n.temp -- Remove label REMOVE n:Temporary </code></pre></div> <h4 id="delete" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> DELETE <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="delete" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: DELETE"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Delete node (must have no relationships) MATCH (n:Person {name: 'Alice'}) DELETE n -- Delete relationship MATCH (a)-[r:KNOWS]->(b) DELETE r -- Detach delete (delete node and all relationships) MATCH (n:Person {name: 'Alice'}) DETACH DELETE n </code></pre></div> <h3 id="aggregation-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Aggregation Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="aggregation-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Aggregation Functions"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="count" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Count <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="count" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Count"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Count all RETURN count(*) -- Count nodes RETURN count(n) -- Count distinct RETURN count(DISTINCT n.city) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="numeric-aggregations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Numeric Aggregations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="numeric-aggregations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Numeric Aggregations"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Sum RETURN sum(n.amount) -- Average RETURN avg(n.score) -- Minimum RETURN min(n.age) -- Maximum RETURN max(n.price) -- Standard deviation RETURN stdev(n.value) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="collection-aggregations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Collection Aggregations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="collection-aggregations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Collection Aggregations"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Collect into list RETURN collect(n.name) -- Collect distinct RETURN collect(DISTINCT n.city) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="grouping" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Grouping <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="grouping" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Grouping"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Group by (implicit) MATCH (p:Person)-[:LIVES_IN]->(c:City) RETURN c.name, count(p) AS population -- Multiple grouping keys MATCH (e:Employee) RETURN e.department, e.role, count(e) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="path-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Path Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="path-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Path Functions"> Share link </button> </h3><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Get nodes in path nodes(path) -- Get relationships in path relationships(path) -- Path length length(path) -- Shortest path MATCH path = shortestPath((a:Person)-[*]-(b:Person)) RETURN path -- All shortest paths MATCH path = allShortestPaths((a:Person)-[*]-(b:Person)) RETURN path </code></pre></div> <h3 id="list-operations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> List Operations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="list-operations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: List Operations"> Share link </button> </h3><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create list [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] -- List comprehension [x IN range(1, 10) | x * 2] -- Filter list [x IN list WHERE x > 5] -- Access element list[0] -- First element list[-1] -- Last element list[1..3] -- Slice -- List functions size(list) head(list) tail(list) last(list) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="string-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> String Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="string-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: String Functions"> Share link </button> </h3><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Case conversion toUpper(str) toLower(str) -- Trimming trim(str) ltrim(str) rtrim(str) -- Substring substring(str, start, length) -- Replace replace(str, search, replacement) -- Split split(str, delimiter) -- Length size(str) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="date-and-time" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Date and Time <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="date-and-time" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Date and Time"> Share link </button> </h3><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Current datetime datetime() -- Parse datetime datetime('2026-01-28T10:30:00') -- Date only date('2026-01-28') -- Time only time('10:30:00') -- Duration duration({days: 7, hours: 2}) -- Date arithmetic datetime() + duration({days: 30}) datetime().subtract(P7D) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="transactions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transactions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transactions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transactions"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="basic-transaction" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Basic Transaction <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="basic-transaction" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Basic Transaction"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Start transaction BEGIN -- Execute queries CREATE (n:Person {name: 'Alice'}) -- Commit COMMIT -- Or rollback ROLLBACK </code></pre></div> <h4 id="transaction-control" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transaction Control <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transaction-control" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transaction Control"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Begin with isolation level BEGIN TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE -- Savepoints SAVEPOINT sp1 -- ... queries ... ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT sp1 </code></pre></div> <h3 id="common-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Common Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="common-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Common Patterns"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="find-connected-nodes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Find Connected Nodes <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="find-connected-nodes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Find Connected Nodes"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Direct connections MATCH (a:Person {name: 'Alice'})-[:KNOWS]->(friend) RETURN friend.name -- Friends of friends MATCH (a:Person {name: 'Alice'})-[:KNOWS*2]->(fof) WHERE fof <> a RETURN DISTINCT fof.name </code></pre></div> <h4 id="recommendation-pattern" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Recommendation Pattern <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="recommendation-pattern" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Recommendation Pattern"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Collaborative filtering MATCH (me:User {id: 123})-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) <-[:PURCHASED]-(other:User)-[:PURCHASED]->(rec:Product) WHERE NOT (me)-[:PURCHASED]->(rec) RETURN rec.name, count(*) AS score ORDER BY score DESC LIMIT 10 </code></pre></div> <h4 id="aggregation-by-category" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Aggregation by Category <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="aggregation-by-category" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Aggregation by Category"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Product) RETURN p.category, count(p) AS count, avg(p.price) AS avg_price, min(p.price) AS min_price, max(p.price) AS max_price ORDER BY count DESC </code></pre></div> <h4 id="conditional-return" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Conditional Return <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conditional-return" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conditional Return"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (u:User) RETURN u.name, CASE WHEN u.orders > 100 THEN 'VIP' WHEN u.orders > 50 THEN 'Premium' ELSE 'Standard' END AS tier </code></pre></div> <h4 id="null-handling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Null Handling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="null-handling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Null Handling"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (u:User) RETURN u.name, coalesce(u.nickname, u.name) AS display_name, coalesce(u.phone, 'N/A') AS phone </code></pre></div> <h3 id="query-analysis" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Analysis <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-analysis" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Analysis"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="explain" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> EXPLAIN <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="explain" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: EXPLAIN"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Show execution plan (no execution) EXPLAIN MATCH (n:Person) WHERE n.age > 30 RETURN n.name </code></pre></div> <h4 id="profile" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> PROFILE <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="profile" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: PROFILE"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Execute and show metrics PROFILE MATCH (n:Person) WHERE n.age > 30 RETURN n.name </code></pre></div> <h3 id="index-commands" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Index Commands <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="index-commands" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Index Commands"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="create-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Create Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="create-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Create Index"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Property index CREATE INDEX person_email_idx ON Person (email) -- Composite index CREATE INDEX order_customer_date_idx ON Order (customer_id, order_date) -- Full-text index CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX product_search_idx ON Product (name, description) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="show-indexes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Show Indexes <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="show-indexes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Show Indexes"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">SHOW INDEXES </code></pre></div> <h4 id="drop-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Drop Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="drop-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Drop Index"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">DROP INDEX person_email_idx </code></pre></div> <h3 id="constraint-commands" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Constraint Commands <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="constraint-commands" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Constraint Commands"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="unique-constraint" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Unique Constraint <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="unique-constraint" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Unique Constraint"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE CONSTRAINT unique_email ON Person ASSERT email IS UNIQUE </code></pre></div> <h4 id="existence-constraint" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Existence Constraint <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="existence-constraint" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Existence Constraint"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE CONSTRAINT person_name_exists ON Person ASSERT name IS NOT NULL </code></pre></div> <h4 id="show-constraints" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Show Constraints <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="show-constraints" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Show Constraints"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">SHOW CONSTRAINTS </code></pre></div> <h3 id="graph-management" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Graph Management <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="graph-management" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Graph Management"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="create-graph" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Create Graph <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="create-graph" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Create Graph"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE GRAPH my_graph </code></pre></div> <h4 id="use-graph" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Use Graph <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="use-graph" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Use Graph"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">USE my_graph </code></pre></div> <h4 id="drop-graph" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Drop Graph <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="drop-graph" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Drop Graph"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">DROP GRAPH my_graph </code></pre></div> <h3 id="repl-meta-commands" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> REPL Meta Commands <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="repl-meta-commands" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: REPL Meta Commands"> Share link </button> </h3><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Help \help # Connect to server \connect host:port # Enable timing \timing on # Change output format \format json \format table # Transaction control \begin \commit \rollback # Quit \quit </code></pre></div> <h3 id="related-documentation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Documentation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-documentation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Documentation"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/gql/guide/" >GQL Guide</a> - Complete GQL language guide</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql/advanced-patterns/" >Advanced Patterns</a> - Complex query patterns</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql-reference/pattern-matching/" >Pattern Matching</a> - Detailed pattern matching</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql-reference/aggregations/" >Aggregations</a> - Aggregation functions reference</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/explain-profile/" >EXPLAIN and PROFILE</a> - Query analysis</li> <li><a href="/docs/tutorials/" >Tutorials</a> - Hands-on learning</li> </ul> <hr> Last Updated: January 28, 2026 Geode Version: v0.2.18+ GQL Compliance: ISO/IEC 39075:2024