Performance Tuning

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'fa-duotone fa-clipboard-check':'fa-duotone fa-circle-exclamation'; setTimeout(()=>{ icon.className=prev; },1800); } function handleShareClick(e){ e.preventDefault(); const btn=e.currentTarget; const id=btn.getAttribute('data-share-target'); if(id) openModal(id); } function bindShareButtons(){ document.querySelectorAll('.h-share').forEach(btn=>{ if(!btn.dataset.hShareBound){ btn.addEventListener('click', handleShareClick); btn.dataset.hShareBound='1'; } }); } bindShareButtons(); if(document.readyState==='loading'){ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bindShareButtons); } else { requestAnimationFrame(bindShareButtons); } document.addEventListener('click', function(e){ const shareBtn=e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.h-share'); if(shareBtn && !shareBtn.dataset.hShareBound){ handleShareClick.call(shareBtn, e); } }, true); document.addEventListener('click', e=>{ if(e.target===modal) closeModal(); if(e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-close')){ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); } if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script>This guide covers performance optimization strategies, configuration tuning, and best practices for achieving optimal performance with Geode. <h3 id="performance-overview" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Overview <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-overview" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Overview"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="architecture" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Architecture <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="architecture" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Architecture"> Share link </button> </h4>Query Processing: <ul> <li>Cost-based query optimizer with statistics</li> <li>Six specialized index types for different workloads</li> <li>SIMD-accelerated vector distance calculations</li> </ul> Storage: <ul> <li>Memory-mapped I/O for efficient storage access</li> <li>WAL-based durability with configurable tuning</li> <li>Page-level caching with LRU eviction</li> </ul> Scalability: <ul> <li>Connection pooling for concurrent clients</li> <li>Distributed deployment with up to 32 shards</li> </ul> <h3 id="query-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Optimization"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="use-indexes-effectively" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Use Indexes Effectively <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="use-indexes-effectively" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Use Indexes Effectively"> Share link </button> </h4>Create Appropriate Indexes: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- B-tree for range queries CREATE INDEX person_age_idx ON Person(age) USING btree; -- Hash for exact matches CREATE INDEX person_email_idx ON Person(email) USING hash; -- Spatial for geographic queries CREATE INDEX location_coords_idx ON Location(coordinates) USING spatial; -- Vector for similarity search CREATE INDEX document_embedding_idx ON Document(embedding) USING vector; -- Full-text for text search CREATE INDEX article_content_idx ON Article(content) USING fulltext; </code></pre></div>Index Selection Guidelines: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Query Pattern</th> <th>Index Type</th> <th>Example</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Exact match</td> <td>Hash</td> <td><code>WHERE p.email = '[email protected]'</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Range query</td> <td>B-tree</td> <td><code>WHERE p.age > 30 AND p.age < 50</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sorting</td> <td>B-tree</td> <td><code>ORDER BY p.name</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Geographic</td> <td>R-tree</td> <td><code>WHERE distanceKm(loc, point) < 10</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vector similarity</td> <td>HNSW</td> <td><code>WHERE cosineSimilarity(v1, v2) > 0.8</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Text search</td> <td>Full-text</td> <td><code>WHERE content CONTAINS 'graph database'</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td>IP prefix</td> <td>Patricia Trie</td> <td><code>WHERE ip_contains(subnet, ip)</code></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="analyze-query-plans" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Analyze Query Plans <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="analyze-query-plans" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Analyze Query Plans"> Share link </button> </h4>Use <code>EXPLAIN</code> to understand query execution: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- View query plan EXPLAIN MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f:Person) WHERE p.age > 30 RETURN f.name ORDER BY f.name LIMIT 10; -- Analyze actual execution EXPLAIN ANALYZE MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f:Person) WHERE p.age > 30 RETURN f.name; </code></pre></div>Key Metrics to Review: <ul> <li>Index usage (are indexes being used?)</li> <li>Estimated vs actual row counts</li> <li>Join methods</li> <li>Sort operations</li> <li>Filter selectivity</li> </ul> <h4 id="optimize-pattern-matching" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Optimize Pattern Matching <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="optimize-pattern-matching" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Optimize Pattern Matching"> Share link </button> </h4>Anchor Patterns Early: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- GOOD: Anchor with indexed property MATCH (p:Person {email: 'user@example.com'})-[:KNOWS]->(f) RETURN f -- BAD: Cartesian product MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f) WHERE p.email = 'user@example.com' RETURN f </code></pre></div>Limit Path Expansion: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- GOOD: Bounded expansion MATCH (a)-[:KNOWS*1..3]->(b) RETURN b -- BAD: Unbounded expansion (can explode) MATCH (a)-[:KNOWS*]->(b) RETURN b </code></pre></div>Use LIMIT with ORDER BY: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Required for deterministic results MATCH (n:Person) RETURN n.name ORDER BY n.name -- ORDER BY required with LIMIT LIMIT 100 </code></pre></div> <h4 id="aggregation-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Aggregation Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="aggregation-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Aggregation Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4>Push Filters Before Aggregation: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- GOOD: Filter first MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age > 30 RETURN p.city, count(*) AS population GROUP BY p.city -- BAD: Filter after aggregation MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.city, count(*) AS population GROUP BY p.city HAVING max(p.age) > 30 </code></pre></div>Use Covering Indexes: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create composite index CREATE INDEX person_city_age_idx ON Person(city, age); -- Query uses index only (no table access) MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.city, count(*) WHERE p.age > 30 GROUP BY p.city </code></pre></div> <h3 id="configuration-tuning" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration Tuning <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration-tuning" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration Tuning"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="memory-settings" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Memory Settings <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="memory-settings" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Memory Settings"> Share link </button> </h4>Page Cache Size: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml"># geode.yaml storage: page_cache_size: '4GB' # Increase for read-heavy workloads page_size: 8192 # 8KB pages (default) </code></pre></div>Environment variable: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">export GEODE_PAGE_CACHE_SIZE=4294967296 # 4GB in bytes </code></pre></div>Recommendations: <ul> <li>Read-heavy: 50-75% of RAM</li> <li>Write-heavy: 25-40% of RAM</li> <li>Mixed workload: 40-50% of RAM</li> </ul> <h4 id="wal-configuration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> WAL Configuration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="wal-configuration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: WAL Configuration"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">storage: wal_dir: '/fast-ssd/geode/wal' wal_buffer_size: '16MB' wal_sync_interval: 100ms # Balance durability vs performance </code></pre></div>Tuning Tips: <ul> <li>Place WAL on separate fast SSD</li> <li>Increase buffer size for write-heavy workloads</li> <li>Adjust sync interval (lower = more durable, higher = faster)</li> </ul> <h4 id="connection-pooling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Connection Pooling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="connection-pooling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Connection Pooling"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">server: max_connections: 10000 connection_timeout: '30s' idle_timeout: '5m' </code></pre></div>Client-Side Pooling (Go example): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go">db.SetMaxOpenConns(100) // Maximum connections db.SetMaxIdleConns(25) // Idle connection pool db.SetConnMaxLifetime(5 * time.Minute) db.SetConnMaxIdleTime(1 * time.Minute) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="query-optimizer-settings" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Optimizer Settings <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-optimizer-settings" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Optimizer Settings"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">optimizer: small_n_threshold: 100 # When to use brute-force trace: false # Enable for debugging cost_model: seq_scan_cost: 1.0 index_scan_cost: 0.1 join_cost: 2.0 </code></pre></div>Enable optimizer tracing for diagnostics: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">export GEODE_TRACE_OPTIMIZER=1 </code></pre></div> <h3 id="index-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Index Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="index-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Index Optimization"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="hnsw-vector-index-tuning" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> HNSW Vector Index Tuning <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="hnsw-vector-index-tuning" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: HNSW Vector Index Tuning"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create with custom parameters CREATE INDEX embedding_idx ON Document(embedding) USING vector WITH ( M = 16, -- Max connections per node ef_construction = 200, -- Search width during construction ef_search = 100 -- Search width at query time ); </code></pre></div>Parameter Guidelines: <ul> <li>M: Higher = better recall, more memory (16-32 typical)</li> <li>ef_construction: Higher = better index quality (200-400 typical)</li> <li>ef_search: Higher = better recall, slower queries (50-200 typical)</li> </ul> Performance Trade-offs: <ul> <li>M=16, ef_search=50: Fast, ~85% recall</li> <li>M=16, ef_search=100: Medium, ~92% recall</li> <li>M=32, ef_search=200: Slow, ~97% recall</li> </ul> <h4 id="spatial-index-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Spatial Index Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="spatial-index-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Spatial Index Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- R-tree with custom node capacity CREATE INDEX location_coords_idx ON Location(coordinates) USING spatial WITH ( M = 8, -- Max entries per node (default) min_fill = 0.4 -- Minimum fill factor ); </code></pre></div>Best Practices: <ul> <li>Higher M = fewer levels, more entries per node</li> <li>Place on SSD for random access patterns</li> <li>Regularly rebuild after bulk inserts</li> </ul> <h4 id="full-text-index-configuration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Full-Text Index Configuration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="full-text-index-configuration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Full-Text Index Configuration"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE INDEX article_content_idx ON Article(content) USING fulltext WITH ( language = 'english', stemmer = 'porter', stop_words = ['the', 'a', 'an'] ); </code></pre></div> <h3 id="hardware-recommendations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Hardware Recommendations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="hardware-recommendations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Hardware Recommendations"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="storage" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Storage <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="storage" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Storage"> Share link </button> </h4>SSD vs HDD: <ul> <li>WAL: Always SSD (write-heavy, sequential)</li> <li>Data files: SSD for <1TB, SATA SSD for 1-10TB</li> <li>Backup storage: HDD acceptable for cold storage</li> </ul> RAID Configuration: <ul> <li>RAID 10: Best performance (recommended)</li> <li>RAID 5/6: Acceptable for read-heavy workloads</li> <li>RAID 0: Maximum performance (no redundancy)</li> </ul> <h4 id="memory" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Memory <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="memory" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Memory"> Share link </button> </h4>Minimum Requirements: <ul> <li>Development: 4GB</li> <li>Small production: 16GB</li> <li>Medium production: 64GB</li> <li>Large production: 256GB+</li> </ul> Allocation: <ul> <li>OS: 2-4GB</li> <li>Page cache: 50-70% of remaining</li> <li>Query execution: 20-30% of remaining</li> <li>Buffer pools: 10-20% of remaining</li> </ul> <h4 id="cpu" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> CPU <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="cpu" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: CPU"> Share link </button> </h4>Core Count: <ul> <li>4 cores: Minimum for development</li> <li>8-16 cores: Small to medium production</li> <li>32+ cores: Large production with high concurrency</li> </ul> Features: <ul> <li>AVX2/AVX-512: 2x+ speedup for vector operations</li> <li>AES-NI: Hardware-accelerated encryption</li> <li>NUMA: Configure for local memory access</li> </ul> <h4 id="network" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Network <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="network" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Network"> Share link </button> </h4>Bandwidth: <ul> <li>1 Gbps: Minimum</li> <li>10 Gbps: Recommended for distributed setups</li> <li>25/40 Gbps: High-throughput scenarios</li> </ul> Latency: <ul> <li><1ms: Same datacenter</li> <li><10ms: Cross-region acceptable</li> <li> <blockquote> 50ms: Consider caching layer </blockquote> </li> </ul> <h3 id="monitoring-and-profiling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Monitoring and Profiling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="monitoring-and-profiling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Monitoring and Profiling"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="metrics-to-monitor" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Metrics to Monitor <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="metrics-to-monitor" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Metrics to Monitor"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Query performance geode_query_duration_ms{percentile="50|95|99"} geode_query_total{status="success|error"} # Storage metrics geode_storage_cache_hit_ratio geode_storage_pages_total geode_storage_wal_segments_total # Index metrics geode_index_lookups_total geode_index_size_bytes </code></pre></div> <h4 id="profiling-queries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Profiling Queries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="profiling-queries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Profiling Queries"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Profile query execution PROFILE MATCH (n:Person)-[:KNOWS*1..3]->(f) WHERE n.age > 30 RETURN f.name LIMIT 10; </code></pre></div>Profile Output: <ul> <li>Execution time per operator</li> <li>Rows processed per operator</li> <li>Memory usage</li> <li>Index hits/misses</li> </ul> <h4 id="enable-telemetry" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Enable Telemetry <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="enable-telemetry" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Enable Telemetry"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">monitoring: enabled: true endpoint: 'http://localhost:9090/metrics' interval: '10s' </code></pre></div>Environment variable: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">export GEODE_TELEMETRY_PAGING=1 </code></pre></div> <h3 id="best-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Best Practices <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="best-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Best Practices"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="query-design" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Design <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-design" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Design"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Always use ORDER BY with LIMIT for deterministic results</li> <li>Create indexes before bulk loads for optimal index structure</li> <li>Use prepared statements for frequently executed queries</li> <li>Batch operations in transactions for better throughput</li> <li>Limit path expansion depth to prevent combinatorial explosion</li> </ol> <h4 id="data-modeling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Data Modeling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-modeling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Modeling"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Denormalize when necessary for read performance</li> <li>Use appropriate property types (VectorF32 vs VectorI32)</li> <li>Avoid wide nodes (>100 properties)</li> <li>Index frequently queried properties</li> <li>Consider materialized views for expensive aggregations</li> </ol> <h4 id="transaction-management" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transaction Management <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transaction-management" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transaction Management"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Keep transactions short to reduce lock contention</li> <li>Use appropriate isolation level (Snapshot for most cases)</li> <li>Batch writes for bulk operations</li> <li>Use savepoints for complex multi-step operations</li> <li>Handle deadlocks with retry logic</li> </ol> <h4 id="federation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Federation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="federation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Federation"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Distribute data by access patterns (co-locate related data)</li> <li>Monitor shard balance for even distribution</li> <li>Use connection pooling for cross-shard queries</li> <li>Test failover scenarios regularly</li> <li>Set appropriate timeouts to prevent hanging queries</li> </ol> <h3 id="troubleshooting-performance-issues" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Troubleshooting Performance Issues <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="troubleshooting-performance-issues" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Troubleshooting Performance Issues"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="slow-queries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Slow Queries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="slow-queries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Slow Queries"> Share link </button> </h4>Checklist: <ol> <li>✓ Indexes exist for filtered properties?</li> <li>✓ Using EXPLAIN to verify index usage?</li> <li>✓ Path expansion bounded?</li> <li>✓ ORDER BY used with LIMIT?</li> <li>✓ Appropriate isolation level?</li> </ol> <h4 id="high-memory-usage" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> High Memory Usage <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="high-memory-usage" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: High Memory Usage"> Share link </button> </h4>Investigation: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Check cache hit ratio curl http://localhost:9090/metrics | grep cache_hit_ratio # Review page cache size grep page_cache_size /etc/geode/geode.yaml </code></pre></div>Solutions: <ul> <li>Reduce page cache size</li> <li>Add swap space (temporary)</li> <li>Scale horizontally</li> </ul> <h4 id="write-performance-issues" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Write Performance Issues <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="write-performance-issues" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Write Performance Issues"> Share link </button> </h4>Causes: <ul> <li>WAL on slow storage</li> <li>Too many indexes</li> <li>Large transactions</li> <li>Disk I/O saturation</li> </ul> Solutions: <ul> <li>Move WAL to fast SSD</li> <li>Batch writes in transactions</li> <li>Increase wal_buffer_size</li> <li>Monitor disk I/O metrics</li> </ul> <h3 id="next-steps" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Next Steps <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="next-steps" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Next Steps"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/configuration/" >Configuration Reference</a> - Complete config options</li> <li><a href="/docs/ops/observability/" >Observability Guide</a> - Set up monitoring</li> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/distributed-architecture/" >Distributed Architecture</a> - Scale horizontally</li> </ul>

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