Data Model and Types | Geode Database

<h2 id="data-model-and-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Data Model and Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-model-and-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Model and Types"> Share link </button> </h2><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Permalink</label> <div class="input-group mb-4 hsm-url-group"> <input id="headingShareInput" type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" readonly aria-readonly="true" style="font-size: 0.85rem;" /> <button class="btn btn-primary hsm-copy" type="button" aria-label="Copy" title="Copy"> </button> </div> <div class="small fw-bold mb-2 text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size: 0.7rem; 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const input = modal.querySelector('#headingShareInput'); const copyBtn = modal.querySelector('.hsm-copy'); const twitter = modal.querySelector('#share-twitter'); const linkedin = modal.querySelector('#share-linkedin'); const facebook = modal.querySelector('#share-facebook'); const closeBtn = modal.querySelector('.hsm-close'); let lastFocus=null; let trapBound=false; function buildUrl(id){ return window.location.origin + window.location.pathname + '#' + id; } function isOpen(){ return !modal.hasAttribute('hidden'); } function hydrate(id){ const url=buildUrl(id); input.value=url; const enc=encodeURIComponent(url); const text=encodeURIComponent(document.title); if(twitter) twitter.href=`https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=${enc}&text=${text}`; if(linkedin) linkedin.href=`https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=${enc}`; if(facebook) facebook.href=`https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=${enc}`; } function openModal(id){ lastFocus=document.activeElement; hydrate(id); if(!isOpen()){ modal.removeAttribute('hidden'); } requestAnimationFrame(()=>{ input.focus(); }); trapFocus(); } function closeModal(){ if(!isOpen()) return; modal.setAttribute('hidden',''); if(lastFocus && typeof lastFocus.focus==='function') lastFocus.focus(); } function copyCurrent(){ try{ navigator.clipboard.writeText(input.value).then(()=>feedback(true),()=>fallback()); } catch(e){ fallback(); } } function fallback(){ input.select(); try{ document.execCommand('copy'); feedback(true);}catch(e){ feedback(false);} } function feedback(ok){ if(!copyBtn) return; const icon=copyBtn.querySelector('i'); if(!icon) return; const prev=copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')||icon.className; if(!copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')) copyBtn.setAttribute('data-prev',prev); icon.className= ok ? 'fa-duotone fa-clipboard-check':'fa-duotone fa-circle-exclamation'; setTimeout(()=>{ icon.className=prev; },1800); } function handleShareClick(e){ e.preventDefault(); const btn=e.currentTarget; const id=btn.getAttribute('data-share-target'); if(id) openModal(id); } function bindShareButtons(){ document.querySelectorAll('.h-share').forEach(btn=>{ if(!btn.dataset.hShareBound){ btn.addEventListener('click', handleShareClick); btn.dataset.hShareBound='1'; } }); } bindShareButtons(); if(document.readyState==='loading'){ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bindShareButtons); } else { requestAnimationFrame(bindShareButtons); } document.addEventListener('click', function(e){ const shareBtn=e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.h-share'); if(shareBtn && !shareBtn.dataset.hShareBound){ handleShareClick.call(shareBtn, e); } }, true); document.addEventListener('click', e=>{ if(e.target===modal) closeModal(); if(e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-close')){ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); } if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script>Understand Geode’s property graph model and comprehensive type system with practical guidance for schema design and indexing. <h3 id="property-graph-model" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Property Graph Model <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="property-graph-model" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Property Graph Model"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode implements the property graph model as defined by ISO/IEC 39075:2024 GQL. <h4 id="core-concepts" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Core Concepts <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="core-concepts" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Core Concepts"> Share link </button> </h4>Nodes (Vertices): <ul> <li>Basic unit representing entities</li> <li>Can have zero or more labels (e.g., <code>:Person</code>, <code>:Employee</code>)</li> <li>Can have properties (key-value pairs)</li> <li>Example: <code>(:Person {name: "Alice", age: 30})</code></li> </ul> Relationships (Edges): <ul> <li>Directed connections between nodes</li> <li>Have exactly one type (e.g., <code>:KNOWS</code>, <code>:WORKS_AT</code>)</li> <li>Can have properties (key-value pairs)</li> <li>Example: <code>(a)-[:KNOWS {since: 2020}]->(b)</code></li> </ul> Properties: <ul> <li>Key-value pairs attached to nodes or relationships</li> <li>Keys are strings</li> <li>Values are typed (see Type System below)</li> <li>Example: <code>{name: "Alice", age: 30, active: true}</code></li> </ul> Graphs: <ul> <li>Named collections of nodes and relationships</li> <li>Created with <code>CREATE GRAPH <name></code></li> <li>Selected with <code>USE <name></code></li> </ul> <h4 id="example-model" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Example Model <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="example-model" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Example Model"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create a graph CREATE GRAPH CompanyGraph; USE CompanyGraph; -- Nodes with labels and properties CREATE (:Person {id: 1, name: "Alice", age: 30, email: "[email protected]"}); CREATE (:Person {id: 2, name: "Bob", age: 25, email: "[email protected]"}); CREATE (:Company {id: 100, name: "Acme Corp", founded: 2010}); -- Relationships with type and properties MATCH (p:Person {name: "Alice"}), (c:Company {name: "Acme Corp"}) CREATE (p)-[:WORKS_AT {since: 2020, role: "Engineer"}]->(c); MATCH (a:Person {name: "Alice"}), (b:Person {name: "Bob"}) CREATE (a)-[:KNOWS {since: 2018}]->(b); </code></pre></div> <h4 id="schema-constraints" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Schema Constraints <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="schema-constraints" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Schema Constraints"> Share link </button> </h4>Current status: Basic constraint support implemented. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Unique constraint on property CREATE CONSTRAINT unique_person_email ON Person(email) ASSERT UNIQUE; -- NOT NULL constraint CREATE CONSTRAINT person_name_required ON Person(name) ASSERT NOT NULL; </code></pre></div>Planned: Additional constraint types (foreign key, cardinality, pattern constraints) per ISO standard. <h3 id="type-system" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type System <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-system" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type System"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode provides 50+ specialized types with optimized storage and indexing. <h4 id="core-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Core Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="core-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Core Types"> Share link </button> </h4> <h5 id="null" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Null <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="null" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Null"> Share link </button> </h5><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Null value RETURN null AS empty_value; -- Check for null MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.phone IS NULL RETURN p.name; </code></pre></div> <h5 id="boolean" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Boolean <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="boolean" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Boolean"> Share link </button> </h5><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Boolean literals CREATE (:User {active: true, verified: false}); -- Boolean operations MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.active AND NOT u.deleted RETURN u.name; </code></pre></div> <h5 id="integer" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Integer <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="integer" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Integer"> Share link </button> </h5>Storage: Variable-width integer storage (Int8, Int16, Int32, Int64) <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Integer literals CREATE (:Product {id: 42, stock: 100, price_cents: 1999}); -- Integer operations MATCH (p:Product) WHERE p.stock > 0 AND p.price_cents <= 5000 RETURN p.id; </code></pre></div> <h5 id="string" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> String <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="string" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: String"> Share link </button> </h5>Storage: UTF-8 encoded strings with efficient representation <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- String literals CREATE (:Person {name: "Alice", bio: "Software engineer"}); -- String operations MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.name STARTS WITH "Al" RETURN p.name; -- Concatenation MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name + " <" + p.email + ">" AS display; </code></pre></div>See also: <a href="/docs/reference/unicode-support/" >Unicode Support</a> for identifier and string handling. <h4 id="numeric-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Numeric Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="numeric-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Numeric Types"> Share link </button> </h4>From <code>TYPES_AND_FUNCTIONS.md</code>: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Storage</th> <th>Range</th> <th>Use Case</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>Int8</code></td> <td>1 byte</td> <td>-128 to 127</td> <td>Small counters</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>Int16</code></td> <td>2 bytes</td> <td>-32,768 to 32,767</td> <td>Medium counters</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>Int32</code></td> <td>4 bytes</td> <td>-2B to 2B</td> <td>Default integer</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>Int64</code></td> <td>8 bytes</td> <td>-9Q to 9Q</td> <td>Large IDs</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>Float32</code></td> <td>4 bytes</td> <td>IEEE 754 single</td> <td>Approximate decimals</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>Float64</code></td> <td>8 bytes</td> <td>IEEE 754 double</td> <td>High-precision decimals</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>Decimal</code></td> <td>Variable</td> <td>Arbitrary precision</td> <td>Financial data</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Constructors (from <code>TYPE_QUICK_REFERENCE.md</code>): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Explicit type constructors RETURN int8(127) AS i8; RETURN int16(32000) AS i16; RETURN int32(2000000) AS i32; RETURN int64(9000000000) AS i64; RETURN float32(3.14) AS f32; RETURN float64(3.14159265359) AS f64; RETURN decimal('123.456789') AS dec; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="temporal-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Temporal Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="temporal-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Temporal Types"> Share link </button> </h4>From <code>TYPE_QUICK_REFERENCE.md</code>: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Example</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>Date</code></td> <td>Calendar date</td> <td><code>2024-01-15</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>Time</code></td> <td>Time of day (no timezone)</td> <td><code>14:30:00</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>Timestamp</code></td> <td>Date + time with timezone</td> <td><code>2024-01-15T14:30:00Z</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>Interval</code></td> <td>Duration</td> <td><code>P7D</code> (7 days)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Constructors: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Date RETURN date('2024-01-15') AS d; -- Time RETURN time('14:30:00') AS t; RETURN time('14:30:00.123') AS t_millis; -- Timestamp with timezone RETURN timestamp('2024-01-15T14:30:00Z') AS ts; RETURN timestamp('2024-01-15T14:30:00-05:00') AS ts_est; -- Interval (ISO 8601 duration) RETURN interval('P7D') AS one_week; RETURN interval('PT2H30M') AS two_hours_thirty_minutes; -- Current time RETURN timestamp() AS now; </code></pre></div>Arithmetic: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Add interval to date RETURN date('2024-01-15') + interval('P7D') AS next_week; -- Subtract dates RETURN date('2024-01-22') - date('2024-01-15') AS days_between; -- Timestamp arithmetic MATCH (e:Event) WHERE e.created_at > timestamp() - interval('P30D') RETURN e.name; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="advanced-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced Types"> Share link </button> </h4> <h5 id="json-and-jsonb" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> JSON and JSONB <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="json-and-jsonb" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: JSON and JSONB"> Share link </button> </h5>Storage: Parsed JSON with path indexing support <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- JSON literal CREATE (:Document { metadata: '{"author": "Alice", "tags": ["ai", "ml"], "version": 2}'::jsonb }); -- JSON path queries MATCH (d:Document) WHERE d.metadata->'version' = 2 RETURN d.metadata->'author' AS author; -- Array access MATCH (d:Document) WHERE d.metadata->'tags'->0 = '"ai"' RETURN d.metadata; </code></pre></div>JSONB benefits: <ul> <li>Parsed and validated on insert</li> <li>Efficient path indexing</li> <li>Faster querying than text JSON</li> </ul> See also: <a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization#json-indexing" >Indexing JSON</a> <h5 id="binary-data-bytea" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Binary Data (Bytea) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="binary-data-bytea" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Binary Data (Bytea)"> Share link </button> </h5>Storage: Raw binary data <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Bytea from hex CREATE (:File { data: '\\x48656c6c6f'::bytea, hash: '\\xdeadbeef'::bytea }); -- Length MATCH (f:File) RETURN length(f.data) AS bytes; </code></pre></div> <h5 id="vector-embeddings" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Vector Embeddings <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vector-embeddings" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Vector Embeddings"> Share link </button> </h5>Types: <code>VectorF32</code>, <code>VectorI32</code> (from <code>TYPES_AND_FUNCTIONS.md</code>) Storage: Fixed-dimension arrays with SIMD-optimized operations <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create vector (F32) CREATE (:Document { embedding: '[0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4]'::vector_f32 }); -- Vector with explicit dimension CREATE (:Image { embedding: vector_f32(512) -- 512-dimensional vector }); -- Distance queries (with HNSW index) MATCH (d:Document) WHERE vector_distance_l2(d.embedding, '[0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45]'::vector_f32) < 0.5 RETURN d.id, vector_distance_l2(d.embedding, '[0.15, 0.25, 0.35, 0.45]'::vector_f32) AS distance ORDER BY distance LIMIT 10; </code></pre></div>Distance metrics: <ul> <li><code>vector_distance_l2()</code> - Euclidean (L2) distance</li> <li><code>vector_distance_cosine()</code> - Cosine distance</li> <li><code>vector_distance_dot()</code> - Dot product (inner product)</li> </ul> Optimization: SIMD-accelerated distance calculations See also: <a href="/docs/analytics/graph-algorithms#embeddings" >Vector Similarity Search</a> <h5 id="geographic-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Geographic Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="geographic-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Geographic Types"> Share link </button> </h5>Types: <code>LatLon</code>, <code>GeoPoint</code> (from <code>TYPES_AND_FUNCTIONS.md</code>) <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- LatLon (latitude, longitude) CREATE (:Location { name: "NYC", coords: latlon(40.7128, -74.0060) }); -- GeoPoint (more general geographic point) CREATE (:Place { name: "Statue of Liberty", location: geopoint(40.6892, -74.0445) }); -- Distance queries MATCH (l:Location) WHERE geo_distance(l.coords, latlon(40.7580, -73.9855)) < 5000 -- 5km RETURN l.name, geo_distance(l.coords, latlon(40.7580, -73.9855)) AS meters; </code></pre></div>Indexing: R-tree spatial indexing for efficient geographic queries <h5 id="network-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Network Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="network-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Network Types"> Share link </button> </h5>Types: <code>IpAddr</code>, <code>Subnet</code>, <code>MacAddr</code> (from <code>TYPES_AND_FUNCTIONS.md</code>) <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- IP address CREATE (:Server { hostname: "web01", ip: '192.168.1.100'::ipaddr }); -- Subnet (CIDR) CREATE (:Network { name: "LAN", subnet: '192.168.1.0/24'::subnet }); -- MAC address CREATE (:Device { name: "laptop", mac: '00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E'::macaddr }); -- IP containment queries MATCH (s:Server), (n:Network) WHERE subnet_contains(n.subnet, s.ip) RETURN s.hostname, n.name; </code></pre></div>Indexing: Patricia trie indexing for efficient IP prefix queries <h5 id="cryptographic-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Cryptographic Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="cryptographic-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Cryptographic Types"> Share link </button> </h5>Types: <code>UUID</code>, <code>Hash</code> (from <code>TYPES_AND_FUNCTIONS.md</code>) <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- UUID (version 4) CREATE (:User { id: gen_random_uuid(), name: "Alice" }); -- UUID from string CREATE (:Session { id: '550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000'::uuid }); -- Hash (for checksums, fingerprints) CREATE (:File { name: "document.pdf", sha256: '\\xe3b0c44298fc1c149afbf4c8996fb92427ae41e4649b934ca495991b7852b855'::hash }); </code></pre></div> <h3 id="type-constructors" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type Constructors <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-constructors" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type Constructors"> Share link </button> </h3>Quick reference (from <code>TYPE_QUICK_REFERENCE.md</code>): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Numeric int8(127), int16(32000), int32(2000000), int64(9000000000) float32(3.14), float64(3.14159265359) decimal('123.456789') -- Temporal date('2024-01-15') time('14:30:00') timestamp('2024-01-15T14:30:00Z') interval('P7D') -- JSON '{"key": "value"}'::json '{"key": "value"}'::jsonb -- Binary '\\x48656c6c6f'::bytea -- Vector '[0.1, 0.2, 0.3]'::vector_f32 '[1, 2, 3]'::vector_i32 -- Geographic latlon(40.7128, -74.0060) geopoint(40.6892, -74.0445) -- Network '192.168.1.100'::ipaddr '192.168.1.0/24'::subnet '00:1A:2B:3C:4D:5E'::macaddr -- Cryptographic gen_random_uuid() '550e8400-e29b-41d4-a716-446655440000'::uuid </code></pre></div> <h3 id="type-conversion" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type Conversion <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-conversion" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type Conversion"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="safe-conversions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Safe Conversions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="safe-conversions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Safe Conversions"> Share link </button> </h4>From <code>TYPE_CONVERSION_FUNCTIONS.md</code>: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- To integer toInteger("42") → 42 toInteger(3.14) → 3 (truncates) toInteger(true) → 1 -- To float toFloat("3.14") → 3.14 toFloat(42) → 42.0 -- To string toString(42) → "42" toString(3.14) → "3.14" toString(true) → "true" toString(date('2024-01-15')) → "2024-01-15" -- To boolean toBoolean("true") → true toBoolean(1) → true toBoolean(0) → false </code></pre></div> <h4 id="lossy-conversions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Lossy Conversions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="lossy-conversions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Lossy Conversions"> Share link </button> </h4>Warning: Precision or data loss can occur <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Float to integer (truncates) toInteger(3.99) → 3 -- Large integer to float (precision loss) toFloat(9007199254740993) → may lose precision -- String to number (fails on invalid input) toInteger("abc") → error </code></pre></div>Error handling: Invalid conversions return null or error depending on strictness settings. <h3 id="type-system-and-indexing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type System and Indexing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-system-and-indexing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type System and Indexing"> Share link </button> </h3>Different types benefit from different index families: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Type Family</th> <th>Recommended Index</th> <th>Use Case</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Integer, String</td> <td>B-tree or Hash</td> <td>Equality, range queries</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Text (large)</td> <td>Full-text</td> <td>Search ranking with BM25</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JSON/JSONB</td> <td>JSONB inverted index</td> <td>Path queries</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vector</td> <td>HNSW</td> <td>Similarity search (ANN)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Geographic</td> <td>R-tree (spatial)</td> <td>Distance queries</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Network (IP)</td> <td>Patricia trie</td> <td>Prefix queries</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Interval</td> <td>Interval tree</td> <td>Overlap queries</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Example: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- B-tree for range queries on integers CREATE INDEX person_age_idx ON Person(age) USING btree; -- Full-text for text search CREATE INDEX doc_content_idx ON Document(content) USING fulltext; -- HNSW for vector similarity CREATE INDEX doc_embedding_idx ON Document(embedding) USING vector; -- Spatial for geographic queries CREATE INDEX location_coords_idx ON Location(coords) USING spatial; </code></pre></div>See: <a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization" >Indexing and Optimization</a> for index creation and tuning. <h3 id="practical-schema-design" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Practical Schema Design <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="practical-schema-design" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Practical Schema Design"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="example-e-commerce-graph" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Example: E-Commerce Graph <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="example-e-commerce-graph" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Example: E-Commerce Graph"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">CREATE GRAPH ECommerce; USE ECommerce; -- Users with various types CREATE (:User { id: gen_random_uuid(), email: "[email protected]", created_at: timestamp(), verified: true, metadata: '{"preferences": {"newsletter": true}}'::jsonb }); -- Products with rich types CREATE (:Product { id: 42, name: "Laptop", price: decimal('999.99'), stock: 50, specs: '{"cpu": "i7", "ram": 16, "storage": 512}'::jsonb, embedding: '[0.1, 0.2, ..., 0.512]'::vector_f32 -- for recommendations }); -- Orders with temporal data CREATE (:Order { id: gen_random_uuid(), order_date: timestamp(), ship_by: date('2024-01-20'), total: decimal('1499.98') }); -- Locations with geographic data CREATE (:Warehouse { name: "DC-East", location: latlon(40.7128, -74.0060), capacity: 100000 }); -- Relationships MATCH (u:User {email: "[email protected]"}), (o:Order) WHERE o.id = '...' CREATE (u)-[:PLACED {placed_at: timestamp()}]->(o); MATCH (o:Order), (p:Product {id: 42}) CREATE (o)-[:CONTAINS {quantity: 2, unit_price: decimal('999.99')}]->(p); </code></pre></div> <h4 id="indexing-strategy" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Indexing Strategy <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="indexing-strategy" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Indexing Strategy"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Primary lookups CREATE INDEX user_email_idx ON User(email) USING hash; CREATE INDEX product_id_idx ON Product(id) USING hash; -- Range queries CREATE INDEX order_date_idx ON Order(order_date) USING btree; -- Full-text search CREATE INDEX product_name_idx ON Product(name) USING fulltext; -- Vector similarity (recommendations) CREATE INDEX product_embedding_idx ON Product(embedding) USING vector; -- Geographic queries (nearest warehouse) CREATE INDEX warehouse_location_idx ON Warehouse(location) USING spatial; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="next-steps" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Next Steps <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="next-steps" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Next Steps"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization" >Indexing and Optimization</a> - Create indexes and tune queries</li> <li><a href="/docs/reference/type-conversion" >Type Conversion Functions</a> - Detailed conversion rules</li> <li><a href="/docs/reference/cli-and-api" >API Reference</a> - Complete type and function reference</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql/guide" >GQL Guide</a> - Query patterns and examples</li> </ul>