GQL Specification Reference

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This reference documents the specification and links to Geode’s current conformance profile and implementation notes. <h3 id="standard-overview" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Standard Overview <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="standard-overview" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Standard Overview"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="isoiec-390752024" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> ISO/IEC 39075:2024 <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="isoiec-390752024" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: ISO/IEC 39075:2024"> Share link </button> </h4>The Graph Query Language (GQL) is an international standard for querying property graph databases. It provides: <ul> <li>Declarative graph pattern matching</li> <li>Standard data types and operators</li> <li>Transaction semantics</li> <li>Error handling with standardized codes</li> <li>Extensibility for implementations</li> </ul> <h4 id="document-structure" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Document Structure <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="document-structure" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Document Structure"> Share link </button> </h4>The GQL standard comprises multiple parts: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Part</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Status in Geode</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Part 1</td> <td>Framework</td> <td>Implemented</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Part 2</td> <td>Foundation</td> <td>Implemented</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Part 3</td> <td>GQL Query Language</td> <td>Implemented</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Part 4</td> <td>Bindings</td> <td>Implemented</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="conformance-profile" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Conformance Profile <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conformance-profile" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conformance Profile"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="geode-conformance-level" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Geode Conformance Level <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="geode-conformance-level" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Geode Conformance Level"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode publishes a conformance profile for ISO/IEC 39075:2024 compliance. The profile documents implementation-defined behavior and focuses on deterministic ordering, pagination, and diagnostics. Profile highlights (non-exhaustive): <ul> <li><code>MATCH</code> / <code>OPTIONAL MATCH</code> with bounded path expansions</li> <li><code>WHERE</code>, <code>RETURN</code>, <code>ORDER BY</code></li> <li><code>LIMIT</code> / <code>OFFSET</code> (unordered pagination rejected per US001)</li> <li>Set operations: <code>UNION</code>, <code>INTERSECT</code>, <code>EXCEPT</code></li> <li>Data modification statements (<code>CREATE</code>, <code>INSERT</code>, <code>UPDATE</code>, <code>DELETE</code>, <code>MERGE</code>)</li> <li>Schema and type system behaviors (labels, property types, constraints, indexes)</li> <li>Transactions, functions, and standardized error codes</li> </ul> See the <a href="/docs/gql/conformance-profile/" >conformance profile</a> for authoritative scope, diagnostics, and implementation-defined behaviors. <hr> <h3 id="syntax-reference" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Syntax Reference <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="syntax-reference" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Syntax Reference"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="query-structure" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Structure <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-structure" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Structure"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bnf" data-lang="bnf"><gql-query> ::= [ <graph-specification> ] <query-expression> <query-expression> ::= <simple-query> | <composite-query> <simple-query> ::= <match-statement> | <call-statement> | <return-statement> <composite-query> ::= <simple-query> <set-operator> <simple-query> </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-syntax" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern Syntax <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-syntax" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern Syntax"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bnf" data-lang="bnf"><pattern> ::= <node-pattern> | <path-pattern> <node-pattern> ::= '(' [ <variable> ] [ <label-expression> ] [ <property-specification> ] ')' <label-expression> ::= ':' <label-name> [ <label-expression> ] <property-specification> ::= '{' <property-list> '}' <property-list> ::= <property-setting> [ ',' <property-setting> ]* <property-setting> ::= <property-name> ':' <expression> </code></pre></div> <h4 id="relationship-pattern" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Relationship Pattern <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="relationship-pattern" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Relationship Pattern"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bnf" data-lang="bnf"><relationship-pattern> ::= <left-arrow>? '-' [ <relationship-detail> ] '-' <right-arrow>? <relationship-detail> ::= '[' [ <variable> ] [ <type-expression> ] [ <length-specification> ] [ <property-specification> ] ']' <type-expression> ::= ':' <relationship-type> | ':' <relationship-type> '|' <type-expression> <length-specification> ::= '*' [ <range> ] <range> ::= <integer> [ '..' [ <integer> ] ] | '..' <integer> </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="data-types-iso-mapping" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Data Types (ISO Mapping) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-types-iso-mapping" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Types (ISO Mapping)"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="core-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Core Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="core-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Core Types"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>ISO Type</th> <th>GQL Syntax</th> <th>Geode Type</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Boolean</td> <td><code>BOOLEAN</code></td> <td>BOOLEAN</td> <td>true/false</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Signed Integer</td> <td><code>INTEGER</code></td> <td>INT64</td> <td>64-bit default</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Floating Point</td> <td><code>REAL</code></td> <td>FLOAT64</td> <td>IEEE 754 double</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Character String</td> <td><code>STRING</code></td> <td>STRING</td> <td>UTF-8</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Byte String</td> <td><code>BYTES</code></td> <td>BYTES</td> <td>Binary data</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="extended-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Extended Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="extended-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Extended Types"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>ISO Type</th> <th>GQL Syntax</th> <th>Geode Type</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Date</td> <td><code>DATE</code></td> <td>DATE</td> <td>ISO 8601</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Time</td> <td><code>TIME</code></td> <td>TIME</td> <td>With/without TZ</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Timestamp</td> <td><code>TIMESTAMP</code></td> <td>TIMESTAMP</td> <td>ISO 8601</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Duration</td> <td><code>DURATION</code></td> <td>DURATION</td> <td>ISO 8601</td> </tr> <tr> <td>List</td> <td><code>LIST<T></code></td> <td>LIST</td> <td>Ordered collection</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Map</td> <td><code>MAP<K,V></code></td> <td>MAP</td> <td>Key-value pairs</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="implementation-defined-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Implementation-Defined Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="implementation-defined-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Implementation-Defined Types"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode extends the standard with additional types: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Geode Type</th> <th>Category</th> <th>Standard Mapping</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>VECTOR_F32</td> <td>Numeric</td> <td>Implementation-defined</td> </tr> <tr> <td>LATLON</td> <td>Geographic</td> <td>Implementation-defined</td> </tr> <tr> <td>JSONB</td> <td>Structured</td> <td>STRING with semantics</td> </tr> <tr> <td>UUID</td> <td>Identity</td> <td>STRING with semantics</td> </tr> <tr> <td>IPADDR</td> <td>Network</td> <td>STRING with semantics</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="operators-iso-mapping" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Operators (ISO Mapping) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="operators-iso-mapping" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Operators (ISO Mapping)"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="comparison-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Comparison Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="comparison-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Comparison Operators"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>ISO Operator</th> <th>Symbol</th> <th>Geode Support</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Equals</td> <td><code>=</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Not Equals</td> <td><code><></code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Less Than</td> <td><code><</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Greater Than</td> <td><code>></code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Less Than or Equal</td> <td><code><=</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Greater Than or Equal</td> <td><code>>=</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Is Null</td> <td><code>IS NULL</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Is Not Null</td> <td><code>IS NOT NULL</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="logical-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Logical Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="logical-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Logical Operators"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>ISO Operator</th> <th>Symbol</th> <th>Geode Support</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>And</td> <td><code>AND</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Or</td> <td><code>OR</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Not</td> <td><code>NOT</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Exclusive Or</td> <td><code>XOR</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="arithmetic-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Arithmetic Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="arithmetic-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Arithmetic Operators"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>ISO Operator</th> <th>Symbol</th> <th>Geode Support</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Addition</td> <td><code>+</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Subtraction</td> <td><code>-</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Multiplication</td> <td><code>*</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Division</td> <td><code>/</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Modulo</td> <td><code>%</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Unary Minus</td> <td><code>-</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Unary Plus</td> <td><code>+</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="string-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> String Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="string-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: String Operators"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>ISO Operator</th> <th>Syntax</th> <th>Geode Support</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Concatenation</td> <td><code>||</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Starts With</td> <td><code>STARTS WITH</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Ends With</td> <td><code>ENDS WITH</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Contains</td> <td><code>CONTAINS</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Like</td> <td><code>LIKE</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Regex Match</td> <td><code>=~</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="collection-operators" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Collection Operators <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="collection-operators" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Collection Operators"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>ISO Operator</th> <th>Syntax</th> <th>Geode Support</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>In</td> <td><code>IN</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Index Access</td> <td><code>[i]</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Range Access</td> <td><code>[i..j]</code></td> <td>Full</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="functions-iso-mapping" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Functions (ISO Mapping) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="functions-iso-mapping" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Functions (ISO Mapping)"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="aggregate-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Aggregate Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="aggregate-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Aggregate Functions"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>ISO Function</th> <th>Geode Support</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>COUNT(*)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Row count</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>COUNT(expr)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Non-null count</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>COUNT(DISTINCT expr)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Distinct count</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>SUM(expr)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Numeric sum</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>AVG(expr)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Average</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>MIN(expr)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Minimum</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>MAX(expr)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Maximum</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>COLLECT(expr)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Collect to list</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="scalar-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Scalar Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="scalar-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Scalar Functions"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>ISO Function</th> <th>Geode Support</th> <th>Category</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>abs(x)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Numeric</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>ceil(x)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Numeric</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>floor(x)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Numeric</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>round(x)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Numeric</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>sign(x)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Numeric</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>sqrt(x)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Numeric</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>lower(s)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>String</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>upper(s)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>String</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>trim(s)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>String</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>ltrim(s)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>String</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>rtrim(s)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>String</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>substring(s, start, len)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>String</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>replace(s, from, to)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>String</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>length(s)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>String/List</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>size(list)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>List</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>head(list)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>List</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>tail(list)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>List</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>last(list)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>List</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>keys(map)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Map</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>values(map)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Map</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="path-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Path Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="path-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Path Functions"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>ISO Function</th> <th>Geode Support</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>nodes(path)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Nodes in path</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>relationships(path)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Relationships in path</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>length(path)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Path length</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="type-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Type Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="type-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Type Functions"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>ISO Function</th> <th>Geode Support</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>type(r)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Relationship type</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>labels(n)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Node labels</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>id(n)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Internal ID</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>properties(n)</code></td> <td>Full</td> <td>Property map</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="error-handling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Error Handling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="error-handling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Error Handling"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="iso-status-codes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> ISO Status Codes <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="iso-status-codes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: ISO Status Codes"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode implements standard GQL status codes: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Code</th> <th>Category</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>00000</td> <td>Success</td> <td>Successful completion</td> </tr> <tr> <td>01xxx</td> <td>Warning</td> <td>Warning condition</td> </tr> <tr> <td>02xxx</td> <td>No Data</td> <td>Query returned empty</td> </tr> <tr> <td>22xxx</td> <td>Data Exception</td> <td>Data error</td> </tr> <tr> <td>23xxx</td> <td>Integrity Violation</td> <td>Constraint violation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>42xxx</td> <td>Syntax/Access</td> <td>Syntax error or access violation</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="error-response-format" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Error Response Format <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="error-response-format" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Error Response Format"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-json" data-lang="json">{ "type": "ERROR", "code": "42000", "sqlstate": "42000", "message": "Syntax error at position 15", "detail": "Unexpected token 'METCH', did you mean 'MATCH'?", "position": { "line": 1, "column": 15 } } </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="transaction-semantics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transaction Semantics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transaction-semantics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transaction Semantics"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="isolation-levels" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Isolation Levels <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="isolation-levels" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Isolation Levels"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Level</th> <th>ISO Section</th> <th>Geode Support</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>READ UNCOMMITTED</td> <td>9.5.1</td> <td>Not supported (minimum is READ COMMITTED)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>READ COMMITTED</td> <td>9.5.2</td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>REPEATABLE READ</td> <td>9.5.3</td> <td>Full</td> </tr> <tr> <td>SERIALIZABLE</td> <td>9.5.4</td> <td>Full (default)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="acid-guarantees" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> ACID Guarantees <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="acid-guarantees" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: ACID Guarantees"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Property</th> <th>Implementation</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Atomicity</td> <td>All-or-nothing via WAL</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Consistency</td> <td>Constraint enforcement</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Isolation</td> <td>MVCC with snapshot isolation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Durability</td> <td>WAL + checkpointing</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="implementation-defined-behavior" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Implementation-Defined Behavior <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="implementation-defined-behavior" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Implementation-Defined Behavior"> Share link </button> </h3>The ISO standard allows implementations to define certain behaviors: <h4 id="collation-and-ordering" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Collation and Ordering <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="collation-and-ordering" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Collation and Ordering"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Geode's default collation is Unicode binary MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name ORDER BY p.name; -- Unicode code point order -- Case-insensitive comparison WHERE lower(p.name) = lower($search) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="null-ordering" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> NULL Ordering <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="null-ordering" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: NULL Ordering"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- NULLs sort last by default (configurable) ORDER BY p.age ASC NULLS LAST ORDER BY p.age DESC NULLS FIRST </code></pre></div> <h4 id="identifier-length" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Identifier Length <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="identifier-length" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Identifier Length"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Element</th> <th>Maximum Length</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Label name</td> <td>65,535 characters</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Property name</td> <td>65,535 characters</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Variable name</td> <td>65,535 characters</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Index name</td> <td>65,535 characters</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="numeric-precision" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Numeric Precision <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="numeric-precision" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Numeric Precision"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Precision</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>INTEGER</td> <td>64-bit signed</td> </tr> <tr> <td>FLOAT</td> <td>IEEE 754 double (64-bit)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DECIMAL</td> <td>Arbitrary precision</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <hr> <h3 id="conformance-testing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Conformance Testing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conformance-testing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conformance Testing"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="running-conformance-tests" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Running Conformance Tests <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="running-conformance-tests" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Running Conformance Tests"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash">cd geode make test-gql-conformance </code></pre></div> <h4 id="test-categories" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Test Categories <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="test-categories" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Test Categories"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Lexer Tests: Token recognition</li> <li>Parser Tests: Syntax validation</li> <li>Semantic Tests: Type checking, resolution</li> <li>Execution Tests: Correct results</li> <li>Error Tests: Proper error handling</li> </ol> <h4 id="test-results-summary" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Test Results Summary <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="test-results-summary" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Test Results Summary"> Share link </button> </h4>Conformance tests are tracked against the published ISO/IEC 39075:2024 profile. For current status, diagnostics, and implementation-defined behaviors, see the conformance profile and the CI evidence linked there. <hr> <h3 id="extensions-beyond-standard" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Extensions Beyond Standard <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="extensions-beyond-standard" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Extensions Beyond Standard"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode provides extensions not in the ISO standard: <h4 id="full-text-search" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Full-text Search <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="full-text-search" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Full-text Search"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- BM25 full-text search (Geode extension) MATCH (d:Document) WHERE fulltext_match(d.content, 'graph database') RETURN d.title, bm25_score(d.content, 'graph database') AS score ORDER BY score DESC; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="vector-similarity" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Vector Similarity <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vector-similarity" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Vector Similarity"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Vector similarity search (Geode extension) MATCH (d:Document) RETURN d.title, vector_distance_cosine(d.embedding, $query_vector) AS distance ORDER BY distance LIMIT 10; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="geographic-functions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Geographic Functions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="geographic-functions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Geographic Functions"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Geographic queries (Geode extension) MATCH (s:Store) WHERE geo_distance(s.location, $user_location) < 5000 RETURN s.name, geo_distance(s.location, $user_location) AS meters; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="query-hints" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Hints <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-hints" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Hints"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Index hints (Geode extension) MATCH (p:Person) USING INDEX p:Person(email) WHERE p.email = $email RETURN p; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="reserved-words" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Reserved Words <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="reserved-words" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Reserved Words"> Share link </button> </h3>GQL reserved words that cannot be used as unquoted identifiers: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">ALL, AND, ANY, AS, ASC, ASCENDING, BY, CALL, CASE, COMMIT, CONSTRAINT, CONTAINS, COUNT, CREATE, DELETE, DESC, DESCENDING, DETACH, DISTINCT, DROP, ELSE, END, ENDS, EXISTS, FALSE, FOR, FROM, GRAPH, GROUP, HAVING, IN, INDEX, IS, LIMIT, MATCH, MERGE, NOT, NULL, ON, OPTIONAL, OR, ORDER, REMOVE, RETURN, ROLLBACK, SESSION, SET, SKIP, START, STARTS, THEN, TO, TRUE, UNION, UNIQUE, UNWIND, USE, USING, WHEN, WHERE, WITH, XOR, YIELD </code></pre></div>Escaping reserved words: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Use backticks for reserved words as identifiers MATCH (n:`ORDER`) RETURN n.`LIMIT`; </code></pre></div><hr> <h3 id="related-documentation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Documentation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-documentation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Documentation"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/gql/guide/" >GQL Guide</a> - Query language tutorial</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql/conformance-profile/" >Conformance Profile</a> - Detailed conformance</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql-reference/functions/" >Functions Reference</a> - All functions</li> <li><a href="/docs/reference/operators/" >Operators Reference</a> - All operators</li> <li><a href="/docs/reference/types/" >Data Types Reference</a> - Type system</li> </ul> <hr> Last Updated: January 28, 2026 Geode Version: v0.2.18+ ISO Standard: ISO/IEC 39075:2024 Conformance Profile: ISO/IEC 39075:2024 compliance (see conformance profile)