Storage Engine Architecture

<h2 id="storage-engine-architecture" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Storage Engine Architecture <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="storage-engine-architecture" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Storage Engine Architecture"> Share link </button> </h2><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Permalink</label> <div class="input-group mb-4 hsm-url-group"> <input id="headingShareInput" type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" readonly aria-readonly="true" style="font-size: 0.85rem;" /> <button class="btn btn-primary hsm-copy" type="button" aria-label="Copy" title="Copy"> </button> </div> <div class="small fw-bold mb-2 text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size: 0.7rem; 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} if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script>Geode’s storage engine is built for high-performance graph workloads with ACID guarantees, efficient memory utilization, and durable persistence. <h3 id="overview" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Overview <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="overview" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Overview"> Share link </button> </h3>The storage engine implements a page-based architecture with memory-mapped I/O for optimal performance: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Application Layer │ └─────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┘ │ ┌─────────────────────────▼───────────────────────────────┐ │ Storage Manager │ │ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ │ │ │ Page Cache │ │ MVCC │ │ Index Mgr │ │ │ └──────┬──────┘ └──────┬──────┘ └──────┬──────┘ │ └─────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼─────────────┘ │ │ │ ┌─────────▼────────────────▼────────────────▼─────────────┐ │ Buffer Pool │ │ ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ │ │ Memory-Mapped Pages │ │ │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │ └─────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────┘ │ ┌─────────────────────────▼───────────────────────────────┐ │ Disk Storage │ │ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ │ │ │ Data File│ │ WAL │ │ Indexes │ │ │ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ </code></pre></div> <h3 id="march-2026-storage-update" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> March 2026 Storage Update <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="march-2026-storage-update" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: March 2026 Storage Update"> Share link </button> </h3>The current Geode storage story now spans three distinct stages: <ol> <li>Monolithic persistence in older <code>v0.1.x</code> builds (<code>graph_store.dat</code>)</li> <li>Per-graph storage isolation introduced later in <code>v0.1.x</code></li> <li>graph-storage-backed persistence in <code>v0.2.x</code></li> </ol> On current <code>main</code>, Geode has removed the legacy monolithic path entirely and relies on engine-backed persistence only. <h4 id="what-changed" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> What Changed <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="what-changed" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: What Changed"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>external graph/node identity now uses persisted UUIDv7 mappings</li> <li>graph names persist alongside graph UUIDs so restarts reopen the correct directories</li> <li>checkpoints are synchronous in the graph-storage path</li> <li>free-space bitmaps rebuild on open to make pre-existing pages visible after restart</li> <li>adapter label dictionaries persist with checkpoints</li> <li>pager-level TDE page encryption is wired into graph-storage on current <code>main</code></li> </ul> <h4 id="release-line-note" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Release-Line Note <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="release-line-note" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Release-Line Note"> Share link </button> </h4>The docs site tracks the latest GitLab tag as <code>v0.2.18</code>. If you are validating the newest storage behavior, distinguish between that tagged build and any newer post-tag fixes still moving through <code>main</code>. <h3 id="page-management" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Page Management <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="page-management" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Page Management"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="page-structure" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Page Structure <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="page-structure" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Page Structure"> Share link </button> </h4>Each page is 8KB by default and contains: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">┌────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Page Header (64 bytes) │ │ - Page ID │ │ - Page Type │ │ - LSN (Log Sequence Number) │ │ - Checksum │ │ - Free Space Pointer │ │ - Slot Count │ └────────────────────────────────────────┘ │ Slot Directory (grows down) │ │ - Offset, Length pairs │ └────────────────────────────────────────┘ │ │ │ Free Space │ │ │ └────────────────────────────────────────┘ │ Records (grow up) │ │ - Node/Relationship data │ └────────────────────────────────────────┘ </code></pre></div> <h4 id="page-types" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Page Types <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="page-types" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Page Types"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>NodePage</code></td> <td>Stores node records with properties</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>RelationshipPage</code></td> <td>Stores relationship records</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>PropertyPage</code></td> <td>Overflow storage for large properties</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>IndexPage</code></td> <td>B-tree and hash index nodes</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>FreelistPage</code></td> <td>Tracks available space</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="memory-mapped-io" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Memory-Mapped I/O <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="memory-mapped-io" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Memory-Mapped I/O"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode uses memory-mapped files for efficient data access: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-zig" data-lang="zig">const MappedFile = struct { fd: std.posix.fd_t, data: []align(page_size) u8, size: usize, pub fn init(path: []const u8, size: usize) !MappedFile { const fd = try std.posix.open(path, .{ .ACCMODE = .RDWR }); const data = try std.posix.mmap( null, size, std.posix.PROT.READ | std.posix.PROT.WRITE, .{ .TYPE = .SHARED }, fd, 0 ); return .{ .fd = fd, .data = data, .size = size }; } }; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="benefits" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Benefits <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="benefits" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Benefits"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Zero-copy access: Direct memory access without system call overhead</li> <li>OS page cache: Automatic caching by the operating system</li> <li>Efficient I/O: Asynchronous writeback by the OS</li> <li>Large address space: Utilize virtual memory for large datasets</li> </ul> <h3 id="buffer-pool" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Buffer Pool <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="buffer-pool" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Buffer Pool"> Share link </button> </h3>The buffer pool manages page caching with LRU eviction: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Buffer Pool │ │ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ ┌─────┐ │ │ │ P1 │ │ P2 │ │ P3 │ │ ... │ │ │ │ Hot │ │Warm │ │Cold │ │ │ │ │ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ └──┬──┘ └─────┘ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ┌──▼───────▼───────▼──┐ │ │ │ LRU Chain │ │ │ └─────────────────────┘ │ └─────────────────────────────────────────┘ </code></pre></div> <h4 id="configuration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">storage: page_size: 8192 # 8KB pages page_cache_size: "1GB" # Buffer pool size checkpoint_interval: 60 # Seconds between checkpoints wal_buffer_size: "16MB" # Write-ahead log buffer </code></pre></div> <h3 id="mvcc-multi-version-concurrency-control" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="mvcc-multi-version-concurrency-control" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control)"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode implements MVCC for non-blocking reads: <h4 id="version-chain" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Version Chain <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="version-chain" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Version Chain"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ ┌──────────────┐ │ Version 3 │────▶│ Version 2 │────▶│ Version 1 │ │ TxID: 105 │ │ TxID: 100 │ │ TxID: 95 │ │ Status: │ │ Status: │ │ Status: │ │ Active │ │ Committed │ │ Committed │ └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ └──────────────┘ </code></pre></div> <h4 id="snapshot-isolation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Snapshot Isolation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="snapshot-isolation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Snapshot Isolation"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-zig" data-lang="zig">pub const Snapshot = struct { txn_id: u64, min_active_txn: u64, active_txns: std.AutoHashMap(u64, void), pub fn isVisible(self: *Snapshot, version: *Version) bool { // Version must be committed and created before snapshot if (version.txn_id >= self.txn_id) return false; if (self.active_txns.contains(version.txn_id)) return false; return version.status == .Committed; } }; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="write-ahead-logging-wal" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Write-Ahead Logging (WAL) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="write-ahead-logging-wal" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)"> Share link </button> </h3>All modifications are logged before being applied: <h4 id="wal-record-structure" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> WAL Record Structure <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="wal-record-structure" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: WAL Record Structure"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gdscript3" data-lang="gdscript3">┌─────────────────────────────────────┐ │ WAL Record │ │ - LSN (8 bytes) │ │ - Transaction ID (8 bytes) │ │ - Record Type (1 byte) │ │ - Page ID (8 bytes) │ │ - Offset (2 bytes) │ │ - Length (2 bytes) │ │ - Before Image (variable) │ │ - After Image (variable) │ │ - Checksum (4 bytes) │ └─────────────────────────────────────┘ </code></pre></div> <h4 id="recovery-process" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Recovery Process <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="recovery-process" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Recovery Process"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Analysis Phase: Scan WAL to identify active transactions</li> <li>Redo Phase: Replay committed changes</li> <li>Undo Phase: Rollback uncommitted transactions</li> </ol> <h3 id="checkpointing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Checkpointing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="checkpointing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Checkpointing"> Share link </button> </h3>Periodic checkpoints reduce recovery time: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Timeline │ │ │ │ ◄──────────────────────────────────────────────────► │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ Start Chkpt1 Chkpt2 Crash │ │ │ │ │ │ │ └──────────────┴──────────────┘ │ │ Recovery Window │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ </code></pre></div> <h3 id="index-storage" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Index Storage <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="index-storage" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Index Storage"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode supports multiple index types with dedicated storage: <h4 id="b-tree-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> B-tree Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="b-tree-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: B-tree Index"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Balanced tree structure for range queries</li> <li>Configurable fan-out (default: 128)</li> <li>Page-level locking for concurrent access</li> </ul> <h4 id="hash-index" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Hash Index <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="hash-index" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Hash Index"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>O(1) equality lookups</li> <li>Extendible hashing for growth</li> <li>Suitable for unique constraints</li> </ul> <h4 id="hnsw-index-vector-search" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> HNSW Index (Vector Search) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="hnsw-index-vector-search" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: HNSW Index (Vector Search)"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Hierarchical navigable small world graphs</li> <li>Approximate nearest neighbor search</li> <li>SIMD-accelerated distance calculations</li> </ul> <h3 id="performance-characteristics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Characteristics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-characteristics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Characteristics"> Share link </button> </h3><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Operation</th> <th>Latency</th> <th>Throughput</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Point Read</td> <td><0.1ms</td> <td>100K ops/s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Range Scan</td> <td>~1ms</td> <td>1M rows/s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Single Write</td> <td><1ms</td> <td>50K ops/s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Batch Write</td> <td><10ms</td> <td>200K ops/s</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="configuration-options" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration Options <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration-options" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration Options"> Share link </button> </h3><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">storage: # Data directory data_dir: "/var/lib/geode" # Page configuration page_size: 8192 page_cache_size: "2GB" # WAL configuration wal_enabled: true wal_sync_mode: "fsync" # fsync, fdatasync, or async wal_buffer_size: "16MB" # Checkpointing checkpoint_interval: 60 checkpoint_threshold: 1000000 # Bytes of WAL before checkpoint # Compaction compaction_enabled: true compaction_threshold: 0.5 # Compact when 50% of space is dead </code></pre></div> <h3 id="next-steps" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Next Steps <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="next-steps" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Next Steps"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/query-optimization/" >Query Optimization</a> - CBO and index selection</li> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/distributed-systems/" >Distributed Systems</a> - Multi-node deployments</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/performance-tuning/" >Performance Tuning</a> - Optimization strategies</li> </ul>