Performance and Scalability

<h2 id="performance-and-scalability" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance and Scalability <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-and-scalability" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance and Scalability"> Share link </button> </h2><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Permalink</label> <div class="input-group mb-4 hsm-url-group"> <input id="headingShareInput" type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" readonly aria-readonly="true" style="font-size: 0.85rem;" /> <button class="btn btn-primary hsm-copy" type="button" aria-label="Copy" title="Copy"> </button> </div> <div class="small fw-bold mb-2 text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size: 0.7rem; 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'fa-duotone fa-clipboard-check':'fa-duotone fa-circle-exclamation'; setTimeout(()=>{ icon.className=prev; },1800); } function handleShareClick(e){ e.preventDefault(); const btn=e.currentTarget; const id=btn.getAttribute('data-share-target'); if(id) openModal(id); } function bindShareButtons(){ document.querySelectorAll('.h-share').forEach(btn=>{ if(!btn.dataset.hShareBound){ btn.addEventListener('click', handleShareClick); btn.dataset.hShareBound='1'; } }); } bindShareButtons(); if(document.readyState==='loading'){ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bindShareButtons); } else { requestAnimationFrame(bindShareButtons); } document.addEventListener('click', function(e){ const shareBtn=e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.h-share'); if(shareBtn && !shareBtn.dataset.hShareBound){ handleShareClick.call(shareBtn, e); } }, true); document.addEventListener('click', e=>{ if(e.target===modal) closeModal(); if(e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-close')){ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); } if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script>Learn how Geode achieves high performance through optimized storage, query planning, indexing, and distributed coordination. <h3 id="performance-pillars" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Pillars <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-pillars" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Pillars"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="1-storage-memory-mapped-io" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 1. Storage: Memory-Mapped I/O <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="1-storage-memory-mapped-io" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 1. Storage: Memory-Mapped I/O"> Share link </button> </h4>From <code>SERVER_FEATURES.md</code>: Memory-mapped I/O provides efficient storage access: <ul> <li>Direct memory access: Pages mapped directly into process address space</li> <li>OS page cache: Leverage kernel page cache for hot data</li> <li>Zero-copy reads: No buffer copying between kernel and user space</li> <li>Write coalescing: Batch writes to reduce fsync() calls</li> </ul> <h4 id="2-query-cost-based-optimizer-cbo" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 2. Query: Cost-Based Optimizer (CBO) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="2-query-cost-based-optimizer-cbo" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 2. Query: Cost-Based Optimizer (CBO)"> Share link </button> </h4>CBO selects optimal execution plans based on: <ul> <li>Statistics: Row counts, cardinality, value distributions</li> <li>Index availability: Which indexes exist and selectivity</li> <li>Join cost estimation: Relationship fanout estimates</li> </ul> Example: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">EXPLAIN MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(friend) WHERE p.age > 25 RETURN p.name, friend.name; </code></pre></div>Plan: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">Project [p.name, friend.name] Expand [(p)-[:KNOWS]->(friend)] Filter [p.age > 25] IndexScan [Person.age] (uses: person_age_idx) </code></pre></div>Without index: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">Project [p.name, friend.name] Expand [(p)-[:KNOWS]->(friend)] Filter [p.age > 25] SeqScan [Person] -- Slow! </code></pre></div> <h4 id="3-indexing-indexoptimizer" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 3. Indexing: IndexOptimizer <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="3-indexing-indexoptimizer" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 3. Indexing: IndexOptimizer"> Share link </button> </h4>From <code>SERVER_FEATURES.md</code>: IndexOptimizer selects best index for each predicate: <ul> <li>Predicate analysis: Identify filterable predicates</li> <li>Index applicability: Match predicates to available indexes</li> <li>Selectivity estimation: Estimate fraction of rows matched</li> <li>Cost comparison: Compare index scan vs sequential scan</li> </ul> Specialized index implementations: <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Index Type</th> <th>Implementation</th> <th>Complexity</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>B-tree</td> <td>Optimized B+ tree</td> <td>O(log N)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hash</td> <td>Chained hash table</td> <td>O(1)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Full-text</td> <td>Inverted index + BM25</td> <td>Varies by query</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HNSW (vector)</td> <td>SIMD-accelerated ANN</td> <td>O(log N)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>R-tree (spatial)</td> <td>Hilbert curve ordering</td> <td>O(log N)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Patricia trie</td> <td>IP prefix matching</td> <td>O(k) where k = prefix length</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h4 id="4-hnsw-simd-acceleration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 4. HNSW SIMD Acceleration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="4-hnsw-simd-acceleration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 4. HNSW SIMD Acceleration"> Share link </button> </h4>From <code>SERVER_FEATURES.md</code>: Vector similarity with SIMD: <ul> <li>AVX2/AVX-512 instructions: Vectorized distance calculations</li> <li>Batch processing: Compute multiple distances in parallel</li> <li>Multi-core scaling: Parallel query execution</li> </ul> <h4 id="5-bm25-full-text-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 5. BM25 Full-Text Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="5-bm25-full-text-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 5. BM25 Full-Text Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4>From <code>BM25_INDEX_OPTIMIZER_INTEGRATION.md</code>: BM25 ranking integrated with optimizer: <ul> <li>Index-aware planning: Use full-text index when <code>ORDER BY bm25_score()</code></li> <li>Early termination: Stop after top-K results</li> <li>Parallel scoring: Multi-threaded relevance computation</li> </ul> <h3 id="distributed-scaling-model" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Distributed Scaling Model <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="distributed-scaling-model" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Distributed Scaling Model"> Share link </button> </h3>From <code>DISTRIBUTED_QUERY_COORDINATION.md</code>: <h4 id="architecture" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Architecture <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="architecture" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Architecture"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">┌─────────────────┐ │ Client Query │ └────────┬────────┘ │ ┌────────▼────────┐ │ Coordinator │ -- Query planning and result merging └────────┬────────┘ │ ┌────┴────┬────────┬────────┐ │ │ │ │ ┌───▼───┐ ┌──▼───┐ ┌──▼───┐ ┌──▼───┐ │Shard 1│ │Shard2│ │Shard3│ │Shard4│ -- Data partitions └───────┘ └──────┘ └──────┘ └──────┘ </code></pre></div> <h4 id="distributed-query-execution" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Distributed Query Execution <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="distributed-query-execution" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Distributed Query Execution"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Client sends GQL query to coordinator</li> <li>Coordinator parses query and determines which shards to query</li> <li>Parallel execution on all relevant shards</li> <li>Result merging with deterministic ordering</li> <li>Return merged result to client</li> </ol> Example: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Federated query EXPLAIN FEDERATION MATCH (p:Person {city: "NYC"})-[:KNOWS]->(friend) RETURN p.name, friend.name; </code></pre></div>Execution plan: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">Merge [ORDER BY p.name] │ ├─ Query Shard 1: MATCH (p:Person {city: "NYC"})-[:KNOWS]->(f) RETURN p.name, f.name ├─ Query Shard 2: MATCH (p:Person {city: "NYC"})-[:KNOWS]->(f) RETURN p.name, f.name ├─ Query Shard 3: MATCH (p:Person {city: "NYC"})-[:KNOWS]->(f) RETURN p.name, f.name └─ Query Shard 4: MATCH (p:Person {city: "NYC"})-[:KNOWS]->(f) RETURN p.name, f.name </code></pre></div> <h4 id="optimization-techniques" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Optimization Techniques <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="optimization-techniques" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Optimization Techniques"> Share link </button> </h4>Predicate pushdown: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Coordinator pushes filter to shards (reduce network transfer) MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(friend) WHERE p.city = "NYC" RETURN p.name, friend.name; -- Each shard executes: MATCH (p:Person {city: "NYC"})-[:KNOWS]->(friend) RETURN p.name, friend.name; -- Not: MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(friend) then filter </code></pre></div>Parallel execution: <ul> <li>All shard queries run concurrently</li> <li>Barrier synchronization: Wait for all shards to complete</li> <li>Streaming results: Return rows as they arrive (for large result sets)</li> </ul> Deterministic ordering: <ul> <li>Shards return results in local order</li> <li>Coordinator merges with global ordering (e.g., <code>ORDER BY p.name</code>)</li> <li>Consistent pagination across queries</li> </ul> <h3 id="transport-quictls" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transport: QUIC+TLS <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transport-quictls" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transport: QUIC&#43;TLS"> Share link </button> </h3>QUIC provides modern, efficient transport: <ul> <li>Multiplexing: Multiple queries over single connection (no head-of-line blocking)</li> <li>0-RTT handshake: Resume connections instantly</li> <li>Built-in encryption: TLS 1.3 integrated</li> <li>UDP-based: Lower latency than TCP</li> </ul> Performance vs TCP: <ul> <li>Connection setup: 0-RTT (vs 1-3 RTT for TCP+TLS)</li> <li>Head-of-line blocking: None (vs significant for TCP)</li> <li>Packet loss recovery: Independent streams (vs entire connection blocked)</li> </ul> No TCP fallback: Geode requires QUIC (ensure UDP port open). <h3 id="scaling-guidelines" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Scaling Guidelines <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="scaling-guidelines" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Scaling Guidelines"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="single-node-sizing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Single-Node Sizing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="single-node-sizing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Single-Node Sizing"> Share link </button> </h4>Recommended single-node sizing: <ul> <li>Memory: 64GB+ (for large datasets with in-memory cache)</li> <li>CPU: 8+ cores (for parallel query execution)</li> <li>Storage: NVMe SSD (for memory-mapped I/O)</li> </ul> <h4 id="distributed-cluster" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Distributed Cluster <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="distributed-cluster" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Distributed Cluster"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Shards: Up to 32 shards with automatic coordination</li> <li>Vector search: HNSW with SIMD-optimized distance calculations</li> </ul> Shard count guidance: <ul> <li>Small datasets: Single node</li> <li>Medium datasets: 2-4 shards</li> <li>Large datasets: 8-16 shards</li> </ul> <h3 id="how-to-benchmark" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> How to Benchmark <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="how-to-benchmark" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: How to Benchmark"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="query-benchmarking" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Benchmarking <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-benchmarking" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Benchmarking"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Use PROFILE to measure actual performance ./geode query "PROFILE MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(friend) RETURN p.name, friend.name" # Extract metrics # - Execution time # - Rows scanned # - Index usage # - Cache hit ratio </code></pre></div> <h4 id="load-testing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Load Testing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="load-testing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Load Testing"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Generate realistic workload # 1000 concurrent users, 10,000 queries each ./geode-loadtest \ --users 1000 \ --queries 10000 \ --query-file workload.gql # Monitor metrics watch -n 1 'curl -s http://localhost:8080/metrics | grep geode_query_duration' </code></pre></div> <h4 id="scaling-tests" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Scaling Tests <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="scaling-tests" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Scaling Tests"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Test distributed query performance # Run same query on 1, 2, 4, 8 shards for shards in 1 2 4 8; do echo "Testing with $shards shards" ./geode-distributed-test --shards $shards --query-file workload.gql done # Compare throughput scaling # Expected: near-linear up to 4-8 shards </code></pre></div> <h3 id="performance-tuning-checklist" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Tuning Checklist <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-tuning-checklist" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Tuning Checklist"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="1-index-all-predicates" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 1. Index All Predicates <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="1-index-all-predicates" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 1. Index All Predicates"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Before: Sequential scan MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.email = "[email protected]" RETURN p; -- After: Hash index CREATE INDEX person_email_idx ON Person(email) USING hash; MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.email = "[email protected]" RETURN p; -- Uses index for fast lookup </code></pre></div> <h4 id="2-use-appropriate-index-type" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 2. Use Appropriate Index Type <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="2-use-appropriate-index-type" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 2. Use Appropriate Index Type"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Range queries: B-tree CREATE INDEX person_age_idx ON Person(age) USING btree; -- Equality: Hash CREATE INDEX person_id_idx ON Person(id) USING hash; -- Text search: Full-text CREATE INDEX doc_content_idx ON Document(content) USING fulltext; -- Vector similarity: HNSW CREATE INDEX item_embedding_idx ON Item(embedding) USING vector; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="3-tune-page-cache" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 3. Tune Page Cache <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="3-tune-page-cache" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 3. Tune Page Cache"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml"># geode.yaml storage: page_cache_size: '4GB' -- Increase for larger datasets </code></pre></div>Guidance: <ul> <li>Small datasets (<1GB): 1GB cache</li> <li>Medium datasets (1-10GB): 2-4GB cache</li> <li>Large datasets (>10GB): 8-16GB cache</li> </ul> <h4 id="4-monitor-cache-hit-ratio" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 4. Monitor Cache Hit Ratio <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="4-monitor-cache-hit-ratio" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 4. Monitor Cache Hit Ratio"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Check cache efficiency curl http://localhost:8080/metrics | grep geode_storage_cache_hit_ratio # Target: >80% for hot queries # If low: Increase page_cache_size </code></pre></div> <h4 id="5-limit-result-sets" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> 5. Limit Result Sets <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="5-limit-result-sets" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: 5. Limit Result Sets"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Bad: Return all results MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p; -- Good: Paginate MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p ORDER BY p.name LIMIT 100; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="next-steps" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Next Steps <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="next-steps" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Next Steps"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization" >Indexing and Optimization</a> - Index creation and usage</li> <li><a href="/docs/ops/deployment" >Deployment Guide</a> - Distributed cluster setup</li> <li><a href="/docs/ops/observability" >Monitoring and Telemetry</a> - Performance metrics</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql/guide" >GQL Guide</a> - Query optimization patterns</li> </ul>