Distributed Systems Architecture

<h2 id="distributed-systems-architecture" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Distributed Systems Architecture <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="distributed-systems-architecture" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Distributed Systems Architecture"> Share link </button> </h2><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Permalink</label> <div class="input-group mb-4 hsm-url-group"> <input id="headingShareInput" type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" readonly aria-readonly="true" style="font-size: 0.85rem;" /> <button class="btn btn-primary hsm-copy" type="button" aria-label="Copy" title="Copy"> </button> </div> <div class="small fw-bold mb-2 text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size: 0.7rem; 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} if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script>Geode’s distributed architecture enables horizontal scaling, high availability, and fault tolerance for enterprise graph workloads. <h3 id="overview" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Overview <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="overview" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Overview"> Share link </button> </h3>The distributed layer implements several key patterns: <div class="mermaid-container my-4"> <div class="mermaid-title text-center text-muted small mb-2">Distributed Architecture Overview</div> <pre class="mermaid" id="mermaid-1774880887024641393"> flowchart TB subgraph Client["Client Layer"] C1[Client 1] C2[Client 2] C3[Client N] end subgraph Coordinator["Query Coordinator"] Router[Router] Planner[Planner] Merger[Merger] end subgraph Shards["Shard Layer"] subgraph S1["Shard 1"] L1[Leader] R1A[Replica] R1B[Replica] end subgraph S2["Shard 2"] L2[Leader] R2A[Replica] R2B[Replica] end subgraph SN["Shard N"] LN[Leader] RNA[Replica] RNB[Replica] end end Client --> Coordinator Router --> S1 Router --> S2 Router --> SN L1 --> R1A L1 --> R1B L2 --> R2A L2 --> R2B LN --> RNA LN --> RNB </pre> </div> <h3 id="raft-consensus" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Raft Consensus <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="raft-consensus" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Raft Consensus"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode uses Raft for distributed consensus within each shard: <h4 id="leader-election" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Leader Election <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="leader-election" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Leader Election"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="mermaid-container my-4"> <div class="mermaid-title text-center text-muted small mb-2">Raft Consensus - Leader Election</div> <pre class="mermaid" id="mermaid-1774880887024708013"> sequenceDiagram participant F1 as Follower 1 participant L as Leader participant F2 as Follower 2 Note over F1,F2: Normal Operation L->>F1: Heartbeat L->>F2: Heartbeat F1-->>L: Ack F2-->>L: Ack Note over F1,F2: Leader Failure F1->>F1: Election Timeout F1->>F2: RequestVote F2-->>F1: VoteGranted F1->>F1: Becomes Leader Note over F1,F2: New Leader F1->>F2: Heartbeat (new leader) F2-->>F1: Ack </pre> </div> <h4 id="log-replication" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Log Replication <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="log-replication" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Log Replication"> Share link </button> </h4>All write operations are replicated through the Raft log: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-zig" data-lang="zig">pub const RaftLog = struct { entries: std.ArrayList(LogEntry), commit_index: u64, last_applied: u64, pub fn appendEntry(self: *RaftLog, entry: LogEntry) !void { try self.entries.append(entry); // Replicate to followers try self.replicateToFollowers(entry); } pub fn commit(self: *RaftLog, index: u64) void { self.commit_index = index; // Apply committed entries while (self.last_applied < self.commit_index) { self.applyEntry(self.entries[self.last_applied]); self.last_applied += 1; } } }; </code></pre></div> <h4 id="configuration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">raft: election_timeout_ms: 150-300 # Random timeout range heartbeat_interval_ms: 50 # Leader heartbeat frequency snapshot_threshold: 10000 # Entries before snapshot max_entries_per_request: 100 # Batch size for replication </code></pre></div> <h3 id="sharding-strategies" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Sharding Strategies <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="sharding-strategies" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Sharding Strategies"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="hash-based-sharding" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Hash-Based Sharding <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="hash-based-sharding" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Hash-Based Sharding"> Share link </button> </h4>Distribute data evenly using consistent hashing: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ Hash Ring │ │ │ │ Shard 1 Shard 2 Shard 3 │ │ │ │ │ │ │ ◄─────────┼───────────────┼───────────────┼─────────► │ │ 0 25% 50% 75% 100% │ │ │ │ hash(node_id) % num_shards → shard assignment │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ </code></pre></div> <h4 id="range-based-sharding" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Range-Based Sharding <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="range-based-sharding" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Range-Based Sharding"> Share link </button> </h4>Partition by property ranges for range queries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">sharding: strategy: "range" key: "created_at" ranges: - { shard: 1, min: "2024-01-01", max: "2024-06-30" } - { shard: 2, min: "2024-07-01", max: "2024-12-31" } - { shard: 3, min: "2025-01-01", max: "2025-06-30" } </code></pre></div> <h4 id="graph-aware-sharding" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Graph-Aware Sharding <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="graph-aware-sharding" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Graph-Aware Sharding"> Share link </button> </h4>Keep connected nodes together to minimize cross-shard queries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-zig" data-lang="zig">pub fn assignShard(node: Node, neighbors: []Node) ShardId { // Count neighbor shard assignments var shard_counts = std.AutoHashMap(ShardId, u32).init(allocator); for (neighbors) |neighbor| { const count = shard_counts.get(neighbor.shard_id) orelse 0; shard_counts.put(neighbor.shard_id, count + 1); } // Assign to shard with most neighbors (locality) var best_shard: ShardId = 0; var max_count: u32 = 0; var iter = shard_counts.iterator(); while (iter.next()) |entry| { if (entry.value > max_count) { max_count = entry.value; best_shard = entry.key; } } return best_shard; } </code></pre></div> <h3 id="federation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Federation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="federation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Federation"> Share link </button> </h3>Connect multiple Geode clusters for geo-distribution: <div class="mermaid-container my-4"> <div class="mermaid-title text-center text-muted small mb-2">Federation - Geo-Distributed Clusters</div> <pre class="mermaid" id="mermaid-1774880887024738273"> flowchart LR subgraph US["US-East Region"] US1[Primary] US2[Replica] US3[Replica] US1 --> US2 US1 --> US3 end subgraph EU["EU-West Region"] EU1[Primary] EU2[Replica] EU3[Replica] EU1 --> EU2 EU1 --> EU3 end subgraph AP["AP-South Region"] AP1[Primary] AP2[Replica] AP3[Replica] AP1 --> AP2 AP1 --> AP3 end US1 <-.->|Async Replication| EU1 EU1 <-.->|Async Replication| AP1 AP1 <-.->|Async Replication| US1 </pre> </div> <h4 id="federation-configuration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Federation Configuration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="federation-configuration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Federation Configuration"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">federation: enabled: true cluster_id: "us-east-1" peers: - host: "eu-west.geode.example.com" port: 3141 async: true - host: "ap-south.geode.example.com" port: 3141 async: true conflict_resolution: "last-write-wins" replication_lag_threshold_ms: 5000 </code></pre></div> <h3 id="query-routing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Routing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-routing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Routing"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="scatter-gather-pattern" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Scatter-Gather Pattern <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="scatter-gather-pattern" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Scatter-Gather Pattern"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">Client Query │ ▼ ┌─────────────────┐ │ Query Coordinator│ └────────┬────────┘ │ ┌────┴────┐ (Scatter) ▼ ▼ ▼ ┌─────┐┌─────┐┌─────┐ │Shard││Shard││Shard│ │ 1 ││ 2 ││ 3 │ └──┬──┘└──┬──┘└──┬──┘ │ │ │ └──────┼──────┘ (Gather) ▼ ┌──────────────┐ │ Result Merger│ └──────────────┘ │ ▼ Final Result </code></pre></div> <h4 id="shard-pruning" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Shard Pruning <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="shard-pruning" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Shard Pruning"> Share link </button> </h4>Eliminate unnecessary shard access: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-zig" data-lang="zig">fn pruneShards(query: Query, shards: []Shard) []Shard { var relevant = std.ArrayList(Shard).init(allocator); for (shards) |shard| { // Check if query predicates match shard range if (shardMayContainData(query.predicates, shard.range)) { try relevant.append(shard); } } return relevant.items; } </code></pre></div> <h3 id="fault-tolerance" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Fault Tolerance <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="fault-tolerance" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Fault Tolerance"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="automatic-failover" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Automatic Failover <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="automatic-failover" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Automatic Failover"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">Normal Operation: After Leader Failure: Leader ──► Follower New Leader ◄── Follower │ │ │ │ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ Follower Follower Follower Follower </code></pre></div> <h4 id="read-replicas" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Read Replicas <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="read-replicas" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Read Replicas"> Share link </button> </h4>Configure read scaling with replicas: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">replication: factor: 3 # Total copies read_quorum: 1 # Reads from any replica write_quorum: 2 # Writes need majority sync_replicas: 1 # Synchronous replicas async_replicas: 1 # Asynchronous replicas </code></pre></div> <h4 id="failure-detection" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Failure Detection <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="failure-detection" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Failure Detection"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-zig" data-lang="zig">pub const FailureDetector = struct { heartbeat_interval: u64, failure_threshold: u32, missed_beats: std.AutoHashMap(NodeId, u32), pub fn checkNode(self: *FailureDetector, node_id: NodeId) NodeStatus { const missed = self.missed_beats.get(node_id) orelse 0; if (missed >= self.failure_threshold) { return .Failed; } return .Healthy; } }; </code></pre></div> <h3 id="distributed-transactions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Distributed Transactions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="distributed-transactions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Distributed Transactions"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="two-phase-commit-2pc" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Two-Phase Commit (2PC) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="two-phase-commit-2pc" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Two-Phase Commit (2PC)"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-fallback" data-lang="fallback">┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │ 2PC Protocol │ │ │ │ Phase 1: Prepare │ │ Coordinator ──► Prepare ──► Participants │ │ ◄── Vote ◄── │ │ │ │ Phase 2: Commit/Abort │ │ Coordinator ──► Commit/Abort ──► Participants │ │ ◄── Ack ◄── │ └─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ </code></pre></div> <h4 id="configuration-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml">transactions: distributed: protocol: "2pc" # 2pc or saga timeout_ms: 30000 # Transaction timeout retry_count: 3 # Retries on failure isolation: "snapshot" # snapshot or serializable </code></pre></div> <h3 id="monitoring" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Monitoring <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="monitoring" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Monitoring"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="cluster-health" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Cluster Health <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="cluster-health" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Cluster Health"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- View cluster status CALL db.cluster.status() -- View shard distribution CALL db.cluster.shards() -- View replication lag CALL db.cluster.replicationLag() </code></pre></div> <h4 id="metrics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Metrics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="metrics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Metrics"> Share link </button> </h4><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Metric</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td><code>cluster_nodes_total</code></td> <td>Total nodes in cluster</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>cluster_leader_elections</code></td> <td>Leader election count</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>replication_lag_ms</code></td> <td>Replication delay</td> </tr> <tr> <td><code>cross_shard_queries</code></td> <td>Multi-shard query count</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 id="next-steps" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Next Steps <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="next-steps" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Next Steps"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/query-optimization/" >Query Optimization</a> - Distributed query planning</li> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/security-architecture/" >Security Architecture</a> - Cluster security</li> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/storage-engine/" >Storage Engine</a> - Data persistence layer</li> </ul>