Query Language & Patterns

<h2 id="query-language--patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Language &amp; Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-language--patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Language &amp; Patterns"> Share link </button> </h2><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Permalink</label> <div class="input-group mb-4 hsm-url-group"> <input id="headingShareInput" type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" readonly aria-readonly="true" style="font-size: 0.85rem;" /> <button class="btn btn-primary hsm-copy" type="button" aria-label="Copy" title="Copy"> </button> </div> <div class="small fw-bold mb-2 text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size: 0.7rem; 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From basic pattern matching through advanced optimization techniques, these resources cover the complete query lifecycle including syntax, semantics, execution strategies, and performance tuning. <h3 id="overview" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Overview <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="overview" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Overview"> Share link </button> </h3>GQL (Graph Query Language) is Geode’s ISO/IEC 39075:2024-compliant query language for property graphs. Unlike imperative traversal APIs, GQL is declarative—you specify what data you want, not how to retrieve it. The query optimizer determines the execution strategy, enabling powerful optimizations while maintaining query readability and portability across GQL-compliant databases. This category focuses on practical query writing: how to express graph patterns effectively, filter results efficiently, project complex outputs, aggregate data accurately, and optimize queries for production workloads. Whether you’re writing your first MATCH query or tuning complex analytical queries for millions of nodes, these resources provide the knowledge you need. <h3 id="query-language-fundamentals" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Language Fundamentals <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-language-fundamentals" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Language Fundamentals"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="declarative-query-model" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Declarative Query Model <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="declarative-query-model" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Declarative Query Model"> Share link </button> </h4>GQL follows a declarative model where queries describe what to find rather than how to find it: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Declarative: Describe the pattern MATCH (person:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(friend:Person) WHERE person.name = 'Alice' RETURN friend.name // Not: How to traverse (handled by optimizer) </code></pre></div>The query optimizer automatically: <ul> <li>Chooses join order and strategies</li> <li>Selects indexes to use</li> <li>Determines filtering order</li> <li>Estimates cardinalities</li> <li>Applies cost-based optimization</li> </ul> <h4 id="query-structure" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Structure <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-structure" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Structure"> Share link </button> </h4>GQL queries consist of clauses that process data sequentially: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (pattern) // Find graph patterns WHERE (conditions) // Filter matches WITH (intermediate) // Intermediate projections MATCH (more_patterns) // Additional patterns RETURN (results) // Final projection ORDER BY (sorting) // Sort results LIMIT (count) // Limit output </code></pre></div>Each clause transforms the working set, passing results to the next clause. This composable structure enables building complex queries from simple parts. <h4 id="pattern-matching" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern Matching <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-matching" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern Matching"> Share link </button> </h4>Pattern matching is the core of GQL, describing graph structure visually: Node patterns: <code>(variable:Label {property: value})</code> Relationship patterns: <code>-[variable:TYPE {property: value}]-></code> Path patterns: <code>(start)-[:TYPE*1..5]->(end)</code> Complex patterns: Multiple patterns connected by commas Patterns use ASCII art notation that mirrors graph structure, making queries readable and intuitive. <h3 id="query-language-documentation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Language Documentation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-language-documentation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Language Documentation"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="core-query-guides" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Core Query Guides <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="core-query-guides" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Core Query Guides"> Share link </button> </h4><a href="/docs/query/" >Query Documentation Index</a> Entry point for all query-related documentation including syntax, optimization, indexing, and advanced features. <a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization/" >Indexing and Optimization</a> Comprehensive guide to index design, query optimization, and performance tuning. Learn to create effective indexes and optimize query execution. <a href="/docs/query/explain-profile/" >EXPLAIN and PROFILE</a> Using EXPLAIN to visualize query plans and PROFILE to measure actual execution time. Essential tools for query optimization. <a href="/docs/query/performance-tuning/" >Performance Tuning</a> Query-level performance optimization including pattern design, index usage, filtering strategies, and execution plan analysis. <a href="/docs/query/full-text-search/" >Full-Text Search</a> BM25 full-text search integration with GQL queries. Learn to combine text search with graph traversals for powerful hybrid queries. <a href="/docs/query/materialized-views/" >Materialized Views</a> Creating and maintaining materialized views for frequently accessed aggregations and complex queries. Dramatically improve read performance. <h4 id="gql-language-reference" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> GQL Language Reference <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="gql-language-reference" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: GQL Language Reference"> Share link </button> </h4><a href="/docs/gql/guide/" >GQL Guide</a> Complete GQL language guide from basics through advanced features. Comprehensive coverage of syntax, semantics, and best practices. <a href="/docs/gql/advanced-patterns/" >GQL Advanced Patterns</a> Advanced pattern matching techniques including variable-length paths, optional matches, complex predicates, and performance patterns. <a href="/docs/gql-reference/" >GQL Reference</a> Complete syntax reference for all GQL clauses, operators, functions, and language constructs. Authoritative technical reference. <a href="/docs/quick-reference/" >Quick Reference</a> GQL syntax cheat sheet for quick lookup of common patterns, functions, and operations. <h3 id="common-query-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Common Query Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="common-query-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Common Query Patterns"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="basic-queries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Basic Queries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="basic-queries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Basic Queries"> Share link </button> </h4>Finding nodes by property: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person {name: 'Alice'}) RETURN p </code></pre></div>Finding relationships: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person)-[k:KNOWS]->(f:Person) WHERE p.name = 'Alice' RETURN f.name, k.since </code></pre></div>Filtering with WHERE: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age > 30 AND p.city = 'San Francisco' RETURN p.name, p.age ORDER BY p.age DESC </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-matching-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern Matching <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-matching-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern Matching"> Share link </button> </h4>Multi-hop traversals: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS*2..4]->(friend) WHERE p.name = 'Alice' RETURN DISTINCT friend.name </code></pre></div>Optional patterns: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) OPTIONAL MATCH (p)-[:WORKS_AT]->(c:Company) RETURN p.name, c.name </code></pre></div>Multiple patterns: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f:Person), (p)-[:WORKS_AT]->(c:Company), (f)-[:WORKS_AT]->(c) RETURN p.name, f.name, c.name </code></pre></div> <h4 id="aggregations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Aggregations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="aggregations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Aggregations"> Share link </button> </h4>Count and group: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person)-[:WORKS_AT]->(c:Company) RETURN c.name, COUNT(p) AS employees ORDER BY employees DESC </code></pre></div>Multiple aggregations: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) RETURN COUNT(p) AS total, AVG(p.age) AS avg_age, MIN(p.age) AS min_age, MAX(p.age) AS max_age </code></pre></div>Collecting values: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (c:Company)<-[:WORKS_AT]-(p:Person) RETURN c.name, COLLECT(p.name) AS employees </code></pre></div> <h4 id="subqueries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Subqueries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="subqueries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Subqueries"> Share link </button> </h4>Scalar subqueries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name, (MATCH (p)-[:KNOWS]->(f) RETURN COUNT(f)) AS friend_count ORDER BY friend_count DESC </code></pre></div>Existential subqueries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) WHERE EXISTS { MATCH (p)-[:KNOWS]->(:Person {city: 'NYC'}) } RETURN p.name </code></pre></div>List subqueries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (c:Company) RETURN c.name, [MATCH (c)<-[:WORKS_AT]-(p:Person) RETURN p.name] AS employees </code></pre></div> <h4 id="path-queries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Path Queries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="path-queries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Path Queries"> Share link </button> </h4>Shortest paths: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH path = shortestPath( (a:Person {name: 'Alice'})-[:KNOWS*]-(b:Person {name: 'Bob'}) ) RETURN length(path), nodes(path) </code></pre></div>All paths with constraints: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH path = (a:Person)-[:KNOWS*1..5]-(b:Person) WHERE a.name = 'Alice' AND b.name = 'Bob' RETURN path LIMIT 10 </code></pre></div>Path filtering: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH path = (a:Person)-[:KNOWS*]-(b:Person) WHERE a.name = 'Alice' AND b.name = 'Bob' AND ALL(n IN nodes(path) WHERE n.active = true) RETURN path </code></pre></div> <h3 id="query-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Optimization"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="index-driven-queries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Index-Driven Queries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="index-driven-queries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Index-Driven Queries"> Share link </button> </h4>Anchor patterns with indexes: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Good: Start with indexed property MATCH (p:Person {id: $userId})-[:KNOWS]->(f) RETURN f // Bad: Unanchored pattern scans all nodes MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f) WHERE p.age > 30 RETURN f </code></pre></div>Use relationship type indexes: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Index on :KNOWS relationship enables fast lookup MATCH ()-[k:KNOWS]->() WHERE k.since > '2020-01-01' RETURN COUNT(k) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="filter-pushdown" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Filter Pushdown <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="filter-pushdown" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Filter Pushdown"> Share link </button> </h4>Filter early in the pipeline: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Good: Filter immediately after MATCH MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age > 30 MATCH (p)-[:KNOWS]->(f) RETURN f // Bad: Filter after expensive traversal MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f) WHERE p.age > 30 RETURN f </code></pre></div> <h4 id="cardinality-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Cardinality Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="cardinality-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Cardinality Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4>Order patterns by selectivity: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Good: Start with most selective pattern MATCH (rare:RareLabel {unique_id: $id}), (rare)-[:COMMON_REL]->(common) RETURN common // Bad: Start with large result set MATCH (common:CommonLabel)-[:COMMON_REL]->(rare) WHERE rare.unique_id = $id RETURN common </code></pre></div> <h4 id="limit-early" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Limit Early <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="limit-early" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Limit Early"> Share link </button> </h4>Use LIMIT to bound results: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Good: Limit as soon as possible MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f) RETURN f LIMIT 100 // Good: Limit in subqueries MATCH (c:Company) RETURN c.name, (MATCH (c)<-[:WORKS_AT]-(p:Person) RETURN p.name LIMIT 10) AS top_employees </code></pre></div> <h3 id="query-analysis-tools" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Analysis Tools <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-analysis-tools" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Analysis Tools"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="explain" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> EXPLAIN <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="explain" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: EXPLAIN"> Share link </button> </h4>Visualize query execution plan before execution: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">EXPLAIN MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f:Person) WHERE p.age > 30 RETURN f.name </code></pre></div>EXPLAIN shows: <ul> <li>Operator pipeline</li> <li>Index usage</li> <li>Join strategies</li> <li>Estimated cardinalities</li> <li>Filter placement</li> </ul> <h4 id="profile" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> PROFILE <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="profile" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: PROFILE"> Share link </button> </h4>Measure actual query execution: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">PROFILE MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f:Person) WHERE p.age > 30 RETURN f.name </code></pre></div>PROFILE provides: <ul> <li>Actual execution time per operator</li> <li>Rows processed at each stage</li> <li>Cache hit rates</li> <li>Index effectiveness</li> <li>Bottleneck identification</li> </ul> <h4 id="query-metrics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Metrics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-metrics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Metrics"> Share link </button> </h4>Monitor query performance in production: <ul> <li>Execution time: Track p50, p95, p99 latencies</li> <li>Throughput: Queries per second</li> <li>Resource usage: CPU, memory, I/O</li> <li>Cache hit rates: Index and data cache effectiveness</li> <li>Query patterns: Identify slow query patterns</li> </ul> <h3 id="advanced-query-features" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced Query Features <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-query-features" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced Query Features"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="common-table-expressions-ctes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Common Table Expressions (CTEs) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="common-table-expressions-ctes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Common Table Expressions (CTEs)"> Share link </button> </h4>Build complex queries compositionally: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">WITH top_companies AS ( MATCH (c:Company)<-[:WORKS_AT]-(p:Person) RETURN c, COUNT(p) AS employees ORDER BY employees DESC LIMIT 10 ) MATCH (c IN top_companies)<-[:WORKS_AT]-(p:Person) RETURN c.name, COLLECT(p.name) AS employee_names </code></pre></div> <h4 id="union-queries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> UNION Queries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="union-queries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: UNION Queries"> Share link </button> </h4>Combine results from multiple queries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person {city: 'SF'})-[:KNOWS]->(f) RETURN f.name AS name, 'friend' AS relationship UNION MATCH (p:Person {city: 'SF'})-[:WORKS_WITH]->(c) RETURN c.name AS name, 'colleague' AS relationship </code></pre></div> <h4 id="conditional-logic" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Conditional Logic <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="conditional-logic" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Conditional Logic"> Share link </button> </h4>Use CASE expressions for conditional results: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name, CASE WHEN p.age < 18 THEN 'minor' WHEN p.age < 65 THEN 'adult' ELSE 'senior' END AS age_category </code></pre></div> <h4 id="list-comprehensions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> List Comprehensions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="list-comprehensions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: List Comprehensions"> Share link </button> </h4>Transform lists with comprehensions: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (c:Company)<-[:WORKS_AT]-(p:Person) RETURN c.name, [person IN COLLECT(p) WHERE person.age > 30 | person.name] AS senior_employees </code></pre></div> <h4 id="pattern-comprehensions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Pattern Comprehensions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="pattern-comprehensions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Pattern Comprehensions"> Share link </button> </h4>Generate lists from patterns: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) RETURN p.name, [(p)-[:KNOWS]->(f) WHERE f.city = 'NYC' | f.name] AS nyc_friends </code></pre></div> <h3 id="data-manipulation-queries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Data Manipulation Queries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="data-manipulation-queries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Data Manipulation Queries"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="creating-data" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Creating Data <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="creating-data" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Creating Data"> Share link </button> </h4>Insert nodes: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">INSERT (:Person {name: 'Alice', age: 30, city: 'SF'}) </code></pre></div>Insert relationships: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (a:Person {name: 'Alice'}), (b:Person {name: 'Bob'}) INSERT (a)-[:KNOWS {since: '2020-01-01'}]->(b) </code></pre></div>Bulk inserts: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">UNWIND $batch AS row INSERT (:Person {name: row.name, age: row.age}) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="updating-data" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Updating Data <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="updating-data" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Updating Data"> Share link </button> </h4>Set properties: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person {name: 'Alice'}) SET p.age = 31, p.updated_at = timestamp() </code></pre></div>Conditional updates: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age < 18 SET p.category = 'minor' </code></pre></div>Merge (upsert): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MERGE (p:Person {email: $email}) ON CREATE SET p.name = $name, p.created_at = timestamp() ON MATCH SET p.updated_at = timestamp() </code></pre></div> <h4 id="deleting-data" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Deleting Data <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="deleting-data" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Deleting Data"> Share link </button> </h4>Delete nodes: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person {name: 'Alice'}) DELETE p </code></pre></div>Delete relationships: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person {name: 'Alice'})-[k:KNOWS]->() DELETE k </code></pre></div>Detach delete (remove relationships first): <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (p:Person {name: 'Alice'}) DETACH DELETE p </code></pre></div> <h3 id="query-best-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Best Practices <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-best-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Best Practices"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="performance" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Index anchors: Always start patterns with indexed properties</li> <li>Filter early: Apply WHERE clauses immediately after MATCH</li> <li>Limit results: Use LIMIT to bound open-ended queries</li> <li>Avoid Cartesian products: Ensure patterns are connected</li> <li>Use EXPLAIN: Verify query plans before deploying</li> </ol> <h4 id="maintainability" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Maintainability <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="maintainability" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Maintainability"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Format consistently: Use clear indentation and line breaks</li> <li>Comment complex logic: Explain non-obvious patterns</li> <li>Use meaningful names: Choose descriptive variable names</li> <li>Parameterize queries: Use parameters for values, not string concatenation</li> <li>Test thoroughly: Validate queries with representative data</li> </ol> <h4 id="security" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Security <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="security" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Security"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Use parameters: Prevent injection attacks</li> <li>Validate inputs: Check parameter values before execution</li> <li>Limit privileges: Use Row-Level Security (RLS) for access control</li> <li>Audit queries: Log data access for compliance</li> <li>Sanitize outputs: Escape special characters in results</li> </ol> <h4 id="scalability" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Scalability <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="scalability" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Scalability"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Batch operations: Group inserts/updates for better throughput</li> <li>Use materialized views: Pre-compute expensive aggregations</li> <li>Partition large graphs: Distribute data across shards</li> <li>Cache results: Use application-level caching for frequent queries</li> <li>Monitor performance: Track query metrics in production</li> </ol> <h3 id="query-examples-by-domain" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Examples by Domain <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-examples-by-domain" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Examples by Domain"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="social-networks" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Social Networks <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="social-networks" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Social Networks"> Share link </button> </h4>Friend recommendations: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (me:User {id: $userId})-[:FRIENDS*2..2]->(fof) WHERE fof <> me AND NOT (me)-[:FRIENDS]->(fof) WITH fof, COUNT(*) AS mutual_friends RETURN fof.name, mutual_friends ORDER BY mutual_friends DESC LIMIT 10 </code></pre></div> <h4 id="e-commerce" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> E-Commerce <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="e-commerce" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: E-Commerce"> Share link </button> </h4>Product recommendations: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (me:User {id: $userId})-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) <-[:PURCHASED]-(other)-[:PURCHASED]->(rec:Product) WHERE NOT (me)-[:PURCHASED]->(rec) WITH rec, COUNT(DISTINCT other) AS score RETURN rec.name, score ORDER BY score DESC LIMIT 10 </code></pre></div> <h4 id="knowledge-graphs" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Knowledge Graphs <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="knowledge-graphs" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Knowledge Graphs"> Share link </button> </h4>Entity relationships: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (entity:Entity {id: $entityId})-[r]-(related) RETURN type(r) AS relationship, labels(related) AS related_type, related.name AS name ORDER BY relationship, name </code></pre></div> <h4 id="fraud-detection" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Fraud Detection <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="fraud-detection" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Fraud Detection"> Share link </button> </h4>Suspicious patterns: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">MATCH (account:Account)-[:TRANSFER]->(intermediary)-[:TRANSFER]->(destination) WHERE account.flagged = true AND intermediary.created > timestamp() - duration({days: 7}) WITH account, destination, COUNT(*) AS transfers, SUM(transfer.amount) AS total WHERE transfers > 5 OR total > 10000 RETURN account.id, destination.id, transfers, total ORDER BY total DESC </code></pre></div> <h3 id="related-documentation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Documentation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-documentation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Documentation"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="query-language" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Language <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-language" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Language"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li><a href="/categories/gql/" >GQL Category</a> - Complete GQL language documentation</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql/guide/" >GQL Guide</a> - Comprehensive language guide</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql-reference/" >GQL Reference</a> - Syntax reference</li> <li><a href="/docs/quick-reference/" >Quick Reference</a> - Cheat sheet</li> </ul> <h4 id="performance-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li><a href="/categories/performance/" >Performance Category</a> - Performance optimization</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization/" >Indexing Guide</a> - Index strategies</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/explain-profile/" >EXPLAIN/PROFILE</a> - Query analysis</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/performance-tuning/" >Performance Tuning</a> - Optimization techniques</li> </ul> <h4 id="development" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Development <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="development" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Development"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li><a href="/categories/development/" >Development Category</a> - Development workflow</li> <li><a href="/categories/client-libraries/" >Client Libraries</a> - Language-specific clients</li> <li><a href="/categories/examples/" >Examples</a> - Practical code samples</li> <li><a href="/categories/tutorials/" >Tutorials</a> - Learning materials</li> </ul> <h4 id="advanced-features" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced Features <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-features" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced Features"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li><a href="/docs/query/full-text-search/" >Full-Text Search</a> - BM25 text search</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/materialized-views/" >Materialized Views</a> - View optimization</li> <li><a href="/categories/graph-algorithms-and-analytics/" >Graph Algorithms</a> - Algorithm implementations</li> <li><a href="/categories/advanced-features/" >Advanced Features</a> - Advanced functionality</li> </ul> <h3 id="related-tags" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Tags <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-tags" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Tags"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/tags/gql/" >GQL</a> - Graph Query Language</li> <li><a href="/tags/pattern-matching/" >Pattern Matching</a> - Pattern techniques</li> <li><a href="/tags/query-optimization/" >Query Optimization</a> - Performance tuning</li> <li><a href="/tags/match/" >MATCH</a> - MATCH clause</li> <li><a href="/tags/indexing/" >Indexing</a> - Index strategies</li> <li><a href="/tags/explain/" >EXPLAIN</a> - Query plans</li> <li><a href="/tags/profile/" >Profile</a> - Performance profiling</li> </ul> <h3 id="tools-and-resources" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Tools and Resources <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="tools-and-resources" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Tools and Resources"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="query-development" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Development <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-development" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Development"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Interactive Shell: <code>geode shell</code> for query development</li> <li>IDE Integration: LSP support for syntax highlighting and autocomplete</li> <li>Query History: Track and replay queries</li> <li>REPL Features: Autocomplete, syntax highlighting, multi-line editing</li> </ul> <h4 id="query-analysis" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Analysis <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-analysis" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Analysis"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>EXPLAIN: Visualize execution plans</li> <li>PROFILE: Measure actual performance</li> <li>Metrics: Track query statistics</li> <li>Tracing: Debug query execution</li> </ul> <h4 id="query-optimization-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-optimization-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Index Advisor: Suggest indexes for queries</li> <li>Query Hints: Override optimizer decisions</li> <li>Plan Cache: Reuse query plans</li> <li>Statistics: Maintain accurate cardinality estimates</li> </ul> <h3 id="next-steps" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Next Steps <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="next-steps" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Next Steps"> Share link </button> </h3>New to GQL? Start with the <a href="/docs/gql/guide/" >GQL Guide</a> for comprehensive language coverage. Optimizing queries? Review <a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization/" >Indexing and Optimization</a> for performance techniques. Debugging slow queries? Use <a href="/docs/query/explain-profile/" >EXPLAIN and PROFILE</a> to analyze execution. Building applications? Check out <a href="/categories/client-libraries/" >Client Libraries</a> for language-specific query patterns. Advanced patterns? Explore <a href="/docs/gql/advanced-patterns/" >GQL Advanced Patterns</a> for complex techniques. <hr> Query Language: ISO/IEC 39075:2024 GQL Optimization: Cost-based optimizer with index awareness Last Updated: January 2026 Geode Version: v0.2.18+

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