Performance & Optimization

<h2 id="performance--optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance &amp; Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance--optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance &amp; Optimization"> Share link </button> </h2><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; letter-spacing: 0.5px;">Permalink</label> <div class="input-group mb-4 hsm-url-group"> <input id="headingShareInput" type="text" class="form-control font-monospace" readonly aria-readonly="true" style="font-size: 0.85rem;" /> <button class="btn btn-primary hsm-copy" type="button" aria-label="Copy" title="Copy"> </button> </div> <div class="small fw-bold mb-2 text-muted text-uppercase" style="font-size: 0.7rem; 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From query optimization and index design through system tuning and capacity planning, these resources help achieve optimal throughput and latency whether you’re running analytical queries, real-time transactions, or mixed workloads at scale. <h3 id="overview" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Overview <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="overview" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Overview"> Share link </button> </h3>Database performance optimization requires understanding query patterns, data characteristics, system architecture, and operational requirements. Geode provides extensive tooling for performance analysis and optimization: EXPLAIN visualizes query execution plans before execution; PROFILE measures actual execution time and resource usage; metrics expose system-level bottlenecks; and tracing reveals complete query lifecycles. Combined with proper indexing, query optimization, and system tuning, these tools enable achieving exceptional performance. This category covers performance optimization at all levels: query-level optimization through better GQL patterns and index usage; system-level tuning through configuration and resource allocation; operational optimization through monitoring and capacity planning. Whether optimizing a single slow query or scaling to higher throughput, these resources provide actionable guidance grounded in production experience. <h3 id="performance-fundamentals" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Fundamentals <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-fundamentals" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Fundamentals"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="performance-dimensions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Dimensions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-dimensions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Dimensions"> Share link </button> </h4>Throughput: Queries processed per second (QPS). Critical for high-volume applications. Geode throughput varies by workload and configuration. Latency: Time to execute individual queries. Measured at p50 (median), p95, and p99 percentiles. Critical for user-facing applications requiring consistent response times. Concurrency: Number of simultaneous queries. Geode’s MVCC architecture enables high read concurrency without locks. Resource Efficiency: CPU, memory, I/O, and network utilization per query. Optimized queries minimize resource usage. Scalability: Performance characteristics as data grows. Proper indexing ensures logarithmic rather than linear query time growth. <h4 id="performance-trade-offs" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Trade-offs <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-trade-offs" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Trade-offs"> Share link </button> </h4>Indexing vs Write Performance: Indexes accelerate reads but add write overhead. Balance index count with write requirements. Caching vs Memory: Larger caches improve performance but consume memory. Size caches based on working set and available RAM. Consistency vs Performance: Stronger consistency guarantees reduce concurrency. Choose appropriate isolation levels. Normalization vs Denormalization: Normalized schemas reduce redundancy; denormalized schemas improve read performance. Denormalize strategically. Batch Size vs Latency: Larger batches improve throughput but increase individual request latency. Tune batch sizes for workload. <h3 id="performance-documentation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Documentation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-documentation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Documentation"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="core-performance-guides" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Core Performance Guides <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="core-performance-guides" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Core Performance Guides"> Share link </button> </h4><a href="/docs/performance/" >Performance Documentation Index</a> Entry point for all performance-related documentation including tuning, benchmarking, and capacity planning. <a href="/docs/query/performance-tuning/" >Performance Tuning Guide</a> Comprehensive query-level performance optimization covering pattern design, index usage, filtering strategies, and execution plan analysis. <a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization/" >Indexing and Optimization</a> Complete guide to index design, index types (B+tree, HNSW, BM25), index selection strategies, and index maintenance for optimal query performance. <a href="/docs/query/explain-profile/" >EXPLAIN and PROFILE</a> Essential tools for query optimization. Learn to interpret execution plans, identify bottlenecks, and validate optimization strategies. <a href="/docs/guides/performance-benchmarking/" >Performance Benchmarking Guide</a> Methodologies for benchmarking Geode performance including workload design, metric collection, result analysis, and comparison techniques. <a href="/docs/architecture/performance-and-scaling/" >Architecture: Performance and Scaling</a> System-level performance architecture including query engine optimization, storage layer tuning, and distributed scaling patterns. <h4 id="advanced-performance-topics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced Performance Topics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-performance-topics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced Performance Topics"> Share link </button> </h4><a href="/docs/query/full-text-search/" >Full-Text Search Performance</a> Optimizing BM25 full-text search queries including index tuning, query optimization, and hybrid graph+text search patterns. <a href="/docs/query/materialized-views/" >Materialized Views</a> Pre-computing expensive aggregations and complex queries for dramatic read performance improvements. Refresh strategies and maintenance. <a href="/docs/architecture/query-execution/" >Query Execution Architecture</a> Deep dive into query execution including operator pipeline, join strategies, memory management, and parallelization. <a href="/docs/architecture/distributed-architecture/" >Distributed Architecture Performance</a> Performance characteristics of distributed deployments including sharding, replication, and cross-shard query optimization. <h3 id="query-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Optimization"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="index-driven-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Index-Driven Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="index-driven-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Index-Driven Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4>Create Strategic Indexes: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Node property index CREATE INDEX person_email ON Person(email) -- Relationship type index CREATE INDEX knows_relationship ON :KNOWS -- Composite index CREATE INDEX person_city_age ON Person(city, age) -- Full-text index CREATE FULLTEXT INDEX person_bio ON Person(bio) USING BM25 -- Vector index CREATE VECTOR INDEX product_embedding ON Product(embedding) USING HNSW WITH {dimensions: 768, metric: 'cosine'} </code></pre></div>Index Selection: Geode’s optimizer chooses indexes based on: <ul> <li>Selectivity (fraction of data matched)</li> <li>Cardinality estimates (rows expected)</li> <li>Index type (hash, B+tree, HNSW, BM25)</li> <li>Query pattern (equality, range, text, vector)</li> </ul> Verify Index Usage: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">EXPLAIN MATCH (p:Person {email: $email}) RETURN p -- Look for "Index Seek" operator, not "Node Scan" </code></pre></div> <h4 id="query-pattern-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Pattern Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-pattern-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Pattern Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4>Anchor Patterns: Start with most selective predicates: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Good: Anchor with unique index MATCH (p:Person {id: $userId})-[:KNOWS]->(friend) RETURN friend -- Bad: Unanchored scan MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(friend) WHERE p.age > 30 RETURN friend </code></pre></div>Filter Pushdown: Apply filters early: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Good: Filter before traversal MATCH (p:Person) WHERE p.age > 30 MATCH (p)-[:KNOWS]->(friend) RETURN friend -- Bad: Filter after traversal MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(friend) WHERE p.age > 30 RETURN friend </code></pre></div>Limit Results: Bound open-ended queries: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Always use LIMIT for exploratory queries MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS*1..5]->(friend) RETURN friend LIMIT 100 </code></pre></div>Avoid Cartesian Products: Connect all patterns: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Good: Connected pattern MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f:Person), (f)-[:WORKS_AT]->(c:Company) RETURN p, f, c -- Bad: Cartesian product (missing connection) MATCH (p:Person), (c:Company) RETURN p, c </code></pre></div> <h4 id="aggregation-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Aggregation Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="aggregation-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Aggregation Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4>Pre-aggregate with Materialized Views: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create materialized view for expensive aggregation CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW company_stats AS MATCH (c:Company)<-[:WORKS_AT]-(p:Person) RETURN c.id, c.name, COUNT(p) AS employees REFRESH EVERY 1 HOUR -- Query materialized view (fast) MATCH (c IN company_stats) WHERE c.employees > 100 RETURN c.name, c.employees </code></pre></div>Optimize GROUP BY: Let optimizer choose aggregation strategy: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Optimizer chooses hash or sort aggregation MATCH (p:Person)-[:WORKS_AT]->(c:Company) RETURN c.name, COUNT(p) AS employees ORDER BY employees DESC </code></pre></div> <h4 id="subquery-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Subquery Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="subquery-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Subquery Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4>Use EXISTS for filtering: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Good: EXISTS subquery (short-circuits) MATCH (p:Person) WHERE EXISTS { MATCH (p)-[:KNOWS]->(:Person {city: 'NYC'}) } RETURN p -- Bad: Count subquery (evaluates all) MATCH (p:Person) WHERE (MATCH (p)-[:KNOWS]->(:Person {city: 'NYC'}) RETURN COUNT(*)) > 0 RETURN p </code></pre></div>Correlated subqueries: Optimizer pushes down correlated predicates when possible. <h3 id="system-level-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> System-Level Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="system-level-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: System-Level Optimization"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="configuration-tuning" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Configuration Tuning <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="configuration-tuning" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Configuration Tuning"> Share link </button> </h4>Memory Settings: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-toml" data-lang="toml">[memory] buffer_pool_size = "8GB" # Buffer pool for data pages query_cache_size = "2GB" # Query result cache index_cache_size = "4GB" # Index page cache </code></pre></div>Query Engine: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-toml" data-lang="toml">[query] max_query_time = "30s" # Query timeout parallel_workers = 8 # Parallel query workers batch_size = 10000 # Batch operation size enable_query_cache = true # Cache query results </code></pre></div>Storage: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-toml" data-lang="toml">[storage] wal_buffer_size = "64MB" # WAL buffer checkpoint_interval = "5min" # Checkpoint frequency compression = "lz4" # Data compression </code></pre></div>Network: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-toml" data-lang="toml">[network] max_connections = 1000 # Connection pool size connection_timeout = "30s" # Connection timeout keepalive_interval = "60s" # Keepalive interval </code></pre></div> <h4 id="resource-allocation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Resource Allocation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="resource-allocation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Resource Allocation"> Share link </button> </h4>CPU: Geode scales linearly with cores for parallel queries. Allocate sufficient CPU for query workers and background tasks. Memory: Size buffer pool to working set. Monitor cache hit rates; >95% indicates sufficient memory. Storage: Use SSDs for optimal I/O. NVME provides best latency. RAID 10 for redundancy and performance. Network: QUIC protocol requires UDP; ensure firewall allows port 3141. Low-latency networks critical for distributed deployments. <h4 id="monitoring-and-metrics" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Monitoring and Metrics <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="monitoring-and-metrics" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Monitoring and Metrics"> Share link </button> </h4>Query Metrics: <ul> <li>Execution time (p50, p95, p99)</li> <li>Throughput (queries per second)</li> <li>Queue depth (waiting queries)</li> <li>Error rate</li> </ul> System Metrics: <ul> <li>CPU utilization</li> <li>Memory usage and cache hit rates</li> <li>Disk I/O (read/write IOPS, throughput)</li> <li>Network bandwidth</li> </ul> Database Metrics: <ul> <li>Transaction rate</li> <li>Lock contention</li> <li>WAL write rate</li> <li>Checkpoint duration</li> </ul> Alerting: Set alerts for: <ul> <li>Query latency p99 > threshold</li> <li>Cache hit rate < 95%</li> <li>Disk queue depth > threshold</li> <li>Error rate > baseline</li> </ul> <h3 id="performance-analysis-tools" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Analysis Tools <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-analysis-tools" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Analysis Tools"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="explain" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> EXPLAIN <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="explain" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: EXPLAIN"> Share link </button> </h4>Visualize execution plan before running query: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">EXPLAIN MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f:Person) WHERE p.age > 30 AND f.city = 'SF' RETURN f.name, f.email </code></pre></div>Key information: <ul> <li>Operators: Scan, Seek, Join, Filter, Aggregate</li> <li>Index usage: Which indexes are used</li> <li>Cardinality estimates: Expected rows at each stage</li> <li>Join strategy: Hash join, nested loop, merge join</li> <li>Filter placement: Where predicates are evaluated</li> </ul> Reading plans: <ul> <li>Top-down execution flow</li> <li>Indentation shows operator nesting</li> <li>Row estimates guide optimization</li> <li>Look for “Index Seek” not “Node Scan”</li> </ul> <h4 id="profile" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> PROFILE <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="profile" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: PROFILE"> Share link </button> </h4>Measure actual execution performance: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">PROFILE MATCH (p:Person)-[:KNOWS]->(f:Person) WHERE p.age > 30 AND f.city = 'SF' RETURN f.name, f.email </code></pre></div>Metrics provided: <ul> <li>Execution time per operator</li> <li>Actual rows processed (vs estimated)</li> <li>Cache hit rates</li> <li>Memory usage</li> <li>I/O operations</li> </ul> Optimization workflow: <ol> <li>PROFILE query to find bottleneck</li> <li>Check index usage in slow operators</li> <li>Create or modify indexes</li> <li>PROFILE again to verify improvement</li> <li>Iterate until acceptable performance</li> </ol> <h4 id="query-log-analysis" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Log Analysis <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-log-analysis" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Log Analysis"> Share link </button> </h4>Enable slow query logging: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-toml" data-lang="toml">[logging] log_slow_queries = true slow_query_threshold = "1s" </code></pre></div>Analyze logs for patterns: <ul> <li>Common slow queries</li> <li>Missing indexes</li> <li>Cartesian products</li> <li>Large result sets</li> </ul> <h3 id="performance-best-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Best Practices <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-best-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Best Practices"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="indexing-strategy" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Indexing Strategy <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="indexing-strategy" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Indexing Strategy"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Index high-selectivity predicates: Properties that filter to small result sets</li> <li>Index foreign keys: Properties used in joins (relationship endpoints)</li> <li>Composite indexes: For multi-column predicates in WHERE</li> <li>Cover queries: Include RETURN columns in index for index-only scans</li> <li>Monitor index usage: Drop unused indexes to reduce write overhead</li> </ol> <h4 id="query-design" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Design <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-design" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Design"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Start selective: Begin patterns with most selective predicates</li> <li>Filter early: Apply WHERE immediately after MATCH</li> <li>Limit results: Use LIMIT to bound open-ended queries</li> <li>Parameterize: Use parameters for plan caching and security</li> <li>Batch operations: Group inserts/updates for better throughput</li> </ol> <h4 id="schema-design" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Schema Design <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="schema-design" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Schema Design"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Denormalize strategically: Duplicate data when read patterns justify it</li> <li>Use appropriate types: Smaller types reduce storage and I/O</li> <li>Partition large properties: Store large blobs separately</li> <li>Model relationships explicitly: Use relationship types, not property arrays</li> <li>Consider cardinality: High-cardinality relationships may need optimization</li> </ol> <h4 id="operational-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Operational Practices <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="operational-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Operational Practices"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Monitor continuously: Track metrics, set alerts</li> <li>Benchmark regularly: Validate performance after changes</li> <li>Update statistics: Keep cardinality estimates accurate</li> <li>Vacuum regularly: Reclaim space from deleted data</li> <li>Plan capacity: Provision for peak load with headroom</li> </ol> <h3 id="performance-patterns-by-workload" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Patterns by Workload <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-patterns-by-workload" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Patterns by Workload"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="oltp-transactional" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> OLTP (Transactional) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="oltp-transactional" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: OLTP (Transactional)"> Share link </button> </h4>Characteristics: High concurrency, low latency, point queries Optimization: <ul> <li>Index all lookup keys</li> <li>Use prepared statements</li> <li>Enable connection pooling</li> <li>Tune for low latency (p99 < 10ms)</li> <li>Monitor lock contention</li> </ul> Example query: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- User profile lookup MATCH (u:User {id: $userId}) RETURN u.name, u.email, u.settings </code></pre></div> <h4 id="olap-analytical" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> OLAP (Analytical) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="olap-analytical" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: OLAP (Analytical)"> Share link </button> </h4>Characteristics: Complex queries, large scans, aggregations Optimization: <ul> <li>Create materialized views</li> <li>Use columnar storage for analytics</li> <li>Batch large operations</li> <li>Tune for throughput (QPS)</li> <li>Enable query parallelization</li> </ul> Example query: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Daily active users by region MATCH (u:User)-[:LOGGED_IN]->(event:LoginEvent) WHERE event.timestamp > timestamp() - duration({days: 1}) WITH u.region AS region, COUNT(DISTINCT u) AS users RETURN region, users ORDER BY users DESC </code></pre></div> <h4 id="mixed-workload" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Mixed Workload <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="mixed-workload" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Mixed Workload"> Share link </button> </h4>Characteristics: Combination of OLTP and OLAP Optimization: <ul> <li>Separate read replicas for analytics</li> <li>Use materialized views to offload aggregations</li> <li>Prioritize OLTP queries</li> <li>Schedule heavy analytics off-peak</li> <li>Monitor resource contention</li> </ul> <h3 id="scaling-strategies" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Scaling Strategies <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="scaling-strategies" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Scaling Strategies"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="vertical-scaling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Vertical Scaling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vertical-scaling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Vertical Scaling"> Share link </button> </h4>Increase resources on single node: <ul> <li>More CPU cores (parallel query execution)</li> <li>More RAM (larger caches, less I/O)</li> <li>Faster storage (NVME, more IOPS)</li> <li>Faster network (10GbE+)</li> </ul> Limits: Single-machine limits (cores, RAM, I/O bandwidth) <h4 id="horizontal-scaling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Horizontal Scaling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="horizontal-scaling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Horizontal Scaling"> Share link </button> </h4>Distribute across nodes: <ul> <li>Sharding: Partition graph by node/edge ownership</li> <li>Replication: Read replicas for read scaling</li> <li>Caching: Application-level caching layer</li> </ul> Trade-offs: Distributed query complexity, cross-shard joins, consistency <h4 id="hybrid-scaling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Hybrid Scaling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="hybrid-scaling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Hybrid Scaling"> Share link </button> </h4>Combine vertical and horizontal: <ul> <li>Shard data across powerful nodes</li> <li>Replicate hot shards</li> <li>Cache at application layer</li> <li>Use materialized views on replicas</li> </ul> <h3 id="benchmarking" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Benchmarking <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="benchmarking" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Benchmarking"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="workload-design" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Workload Design <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="workload-design" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Workload Design"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>Representative queries: Match production patterns</li> <li>Realistic data: Similar size and distribution</li> <li>Concurrent load: Simulate actual concurrency</li> <li>Sustained duration: Run long enough for steady state</li> <li>Varied operations: Mix of reads, writes, updates</li> </ol> <h4 id="metrics-collection" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Metrics Collection <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="metrics-collection" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Metrics Collection"> Share link </button> </h4>Throughput: Queries per second (QPS) Latency: p50, p95, p99, p999 Resource usage: CPU, memory, I/O, network Error rate: Failed queries per second Scalability: Performance vs data size/concurrency <h4 id="analysis" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Analysis <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="analysis" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Analysis"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>Compare before/after optimization</li> <li>Identify regressions</li> <li>Validate scalability claims</li> <li>Find bottlenecks</li> <li>Establish baselines</li> </ul> <h3 id="performance-troubleshooting" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Troubleshooting <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-troubleshooting" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Troubleshooting"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="slow-query-diagnosis" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Slow Query Diagnosis <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="slow-query-diagnosis" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Slow Query Diagnosis"> Share link </button> </h4><ol> <li>PROFILE query: Identify slow operators</li> <li>Check indexes: Verify index usage in plan</li> <li>Examine estimates: Large estimate errors indicate stale statistics</li> <li>Review pattern: Look for Cartesian products, missing filters</li> <li>Test alternatives: Try different query formulations</li> </ol> <h4 id="high-latency" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> High Latency <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="high-latency" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: High Latency"> Share link </button> </h4>Symptoms: Consistently high p95/p99 latency Causes: <ul> <li>Missing indexes (full scans)</li> <li>Lock contention (high concurrency)</li> <li>Large result sets (missing LIMIT)</li> <li>Cold caches (insufficient RAM)</li> <li>Slow storage (I/O bottleneck)</li> </ul> Solutions: <ul> <li>Create indexes</li> <li>Reduce transaction scope</li> <li>Add LIMIT clauses</li> <li>Increase memory</li> <li>Upgrade storage</li> </ul> <h4 id="low-throughput" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Low Throughput <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="low-throughput" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Low Throughput"> Share link </button> </h4>Symptoms: Low queries per second despite low latency Causes: <ul> <li>Insufficient concurrency</li> <li>Connection pool too small</li> <li>CPU bottleneck</li> <li>Lock contention</li> <li>Network saturation</li> </ul> Solutions: <ul> <li>Increase connection pool</li> <li>Add CPU cores</li> <li>Reduce lock scope</li> <li>Optimize network</li> <li>Use read replicas</li> </ul> <h3 id="related-documentation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Documentation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-documentation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Documentation"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="query-optimization-1" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-optimization-1" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li><a href="/categories/query/" >Query Language</a> - Query writing and patterns</li> <li><a href="/docs/gql/guide/" >GQL Guide</a> - GQL language guide</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization/" >Indexing and Optimization</a> - Index strategies</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/explain-profile/" >EXPLAIN/PROFILE</a> - Query analysis</li> </ul> <h4 id="system-architecture" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> System Architecture <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="system-architecture" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: System Architecture"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li><a href="/categories/architecture/" >Architecture</a> - System architecture</li> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/query-execution/" >Query Execution</a> - Execution internals</li> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/performance-and-scaling/" >Performance and Scaling</a> - Scaling architecture</li> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/distributed-architecture/" >Distributed Architecture</a> - Distributed patterns</li> </ul> <h4 id="operations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Operations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="operations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Operations"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li><a href="/categories/operations/" >Operations</a> - Production operations</li> <li><a href="/categories/configuration/" >Configuration</a> - System configuration</li> <li><a href="/categories/deployment-and-devops/" >Deployment</a> - Deployment patterns</li> <li><a href="/categories/best-practices/" >Best Practices</a> - Production patterns</li> </ul> <h3 id="related-tags" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Related Tags <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="related-tags" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Related Tags"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/tags/query-optimization/" >Query Optimization</a> - Query tuning</li> <li><a href="/tags/indexing/" >Indexing</a> - Index strategies</li> <li><a href="/tags/profiling/" >Profiling</a> - Performance profiling</li> <li><a href="/tags/explain/" >EXPLAIN</a> - Query plans</li> <li><a href="/tags/benchmarking/" >Benchmarking</a> - Performance testing</li> <li><a href="/tags/optimization/" >Optimization</a> - General optimization</li> <li><a href="/tags/scalability/" >Scalability</a> - Scaling patterns</li> </ul> <h3 id="performance-resources" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Resources <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-resources" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Resources"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="tools" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Tools <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="tools" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Tools"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li>EXPLAIN: Query plan visualization</li> <li>PROFILE: Performance measurement</li> <li>Metrics API: System metrics</li> <li>Query Log: Slow query analysis</li> <li>Benchmark Suite: Standard workloads</li> </ul> <h4 id="guides" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Guides <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="guides" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Guides"> Share link </button> </h4><ul> <li><a href="/docs/query/performance-tuning/" >Performance Tuning</a> - Comprehensive tuning</li> <li><a href="/docs/guides/performance-benchmarking/" >Benchmarking</a> - Benchmark methodology</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization/" >Indexing</a> - Index design</li> </ul> <h3 id="next-steps" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Next Steps <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="next-steps" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Next Steps"> Share link </button> </h3>Slow queries? Use <a href="/docs/query/explain-profile/" >EXPLAIN/PROFILE</a> to diagnose bottlenecks. Missing indexes? Review <a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization/" >Indexing and Optimization</a> for index strategies. System tuning? Check <a href="/docs/architecture/performance-and-scaling/" >Performance and Scaling</a> for configuration guidance. Benchmarking? Follow <a href="/docs/guides/performance-benchmarking/" >Performance Benchmarking Guide</a> methodology. Production optimization? See <a href="/categories/best-practices/" >Best Practices</a> for proven patterns. <hr> Scalability: Distributed deployment with up to 32 shards Last Updated: January 2026 Geode Version: v0.2.18+

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