Category: Advanced Features

Advanced features in Geode represent the cutting edge of graph database technology, providing sophisticated capabilities that go beyond standard query and transaction processing. These features enable enterprise teams to build highly scalable, secure, and intelligent applications that leverage the full power of graph data structures and the ISO/IEC 39075:2024 GQL conformance profile. Geode’s advanced feature set includes vector search with HNSW indexing for semantic similarity, full-text search with BM25 ranking, distributed architecture with QUIC transport, Row-Level Security (RLS) for fine-grained access control, Change Data Capture (CDC) for real-time streaming, and sophisticated graph algorithms for analytics. Each feature is designed to work seamlessly within Geode’s ACID-compliant, production-ready architecture while maintaining the 97.4% test coverage that ensures reliability. This category explores these advanced capabilities in depth, providing architectural insights, implementation patterns, performance considerations, and real-world examples that demonstrate how to leverage Geode’s most powerful features effectively. <h3 id="key-advanced-features" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Key Advanced Features <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="key-advanced-features" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Key Advanced Features"> Share link </button> </h3><div id="headingShareModal" class="heading-share-modal" role="dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="headingShareTitle" hidden> <div class="hsm-dialog" role="document"> <div class="hsm-header"> <h2 id="headingShareTitle" class="h6 mb-0 fw-bold">Share this section</h2> <button type="button" class="hsm-close" aria-label="Close"> </button> </div> <div class="hsm-body"> <label for="headingShareInput" class="form-label small text-muted mb-1 text-uppercase fw-bold" style="font-size: 0.7rem; 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if(!icon) return; const prev=copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')||icon.className; if(!copyBtn.getAttribute('data-prev')) copyBtn.setAttribute('data-prev',prev); icon.className= ok ? 'fa-duotone fa-clipboard-check':'fa-duotone fa-circle-exclamation'; setTimeout(()=>{ icon.className=prev; },1800); } function handleShareClick(e){ e.preventDefault(); const btn=e.currentTarget; const id=btn.getAttribute('data-share-target'); if(id) openModal(id); } function bindShareButtons(){ document.querySelectorAll('.h-share').forEach(btn=>{ if(!btn.dataset.hShareBound){ btn.addEventListener('click', handleShareClick); btn.dataset.hShareBound='1'; } }); } bindShareButtons(); if(document.readyState==='loading'){ document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', bindShareButtons); } else { requestAnimationFrame(bindShareButtons); } document.addEventListener('click', function(e){ const shareBtn=e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.h-share'); if(shareBtn && !shareBtn.dataset.hShareBound){ handleShareClick.call(shareBtn, e); } }, true); document.addEventListener('click', e=>{ if(e.target===modal) closeModal(); if(e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-close')){ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); } if(copyBtn && (e.target===copyBtn || (e.target.closest && e.target.closest('.hsm-copy')))) { e.preventDefault(); copyCurrent(); } }); document.addEventListener('keydown', e=>{ if(e.key==='Escape' && isOpen()) closeModal(); }); function trapFocus(){ if(trapBound) return; trapBound=true; modal.addEventListener('keydown', f=>{ if(f.key==='Tab' && isOpen()){ const focusable=[...modal.querySelectorAll('a[href],button,input,textarea,select,[tabindex]:not([tabindex="-1"])')].filter(el=>!el.hasAttribute('disabled')); if(!focusable.length) return; const first=focusable[0]; const last=focusable[focusable.length-1]; if(f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===first){ f.preventDefault(); last.focus(); } else if(!f.shiftKey && document.activeElement===last){ f.preventDefault(); first.focus(); } } }); } if(closeBtn) closeBtn.addEventListener('click', e=>{ e.preventDefault(); closeModal(); }); })(); </script> <h4 id="vector-search-and-embeddings" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Vector Search and Embeddings <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="vector-search-and-embeddings" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Vector Search and Embeddings"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode implements Hierarchical Navigable Small World (HNSW) indexing for approximate nearest neighbor search, enabling semantic similarity queries on vector embeddings. This feature supports AI/ML workloads including recommendation systems, semantic search, and similarity detection. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Create a node with vector embeddings CREATE (:Document { title: 'Graph Database Architecture', embedding: [0.23, 0.45, 0.67, ...] // 384-dimensional vector }) // Find similar documents using vector search MATCH (d:Document) WHERE vector_similarity(d.embedding, $query_vector) > 0.8 RETURN d.title, vector_similarity(d.embedding, $query_vector) AS score ORDER BY score DESC LIMIT 10 </code></pre></div>HNSW indexes are automatically maintained and provide sub-linear search time even with millions of nodes. The index structure uses bidirectional links at multiple layers, ensuring both insertion and search efficiency. <h4 id="full-text-search-with-bm25" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Full-Text Search with BM25 <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="full-text-search-with-bm25" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Full-Text Search with BM25"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode’s BM25 implementation provides production-grade full-text search with relevance ranking based on term frequency and document statistics. This enables sophisticated text search capabilities directly within your graph queries. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Create a full-text index CREATE TEXT INDEX doc_content ON :Document(content) // Search with BM25 ranking MATCH (d:Document) WHERE text_search(d.content, 'graph database performance') RETURN d.title, bm25_score(d.content, 'graph database performance') AS relevance ORDER BY relevance DESC LIMIT 20 </code></pre></div>BM25 scoring considers term saturation and document length normalization, providing more sophisticated ranking than simple term frequency approaches. <h4 id="row-level-security-rls" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Row-Level Security (RLS) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="row-level-security-rls" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Row-Level Security (RLS)"> Share link </button> </h4>RLS policies provide fine-grained access control at the data level, enabling multi-tenant applications and complex authorization requirements without application-level filtering. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from geode_client import Client client = Client(host="localhost", port=3141) async with client.connection() as conn: # Create a security policy await conn.execute(""" CREATE POLICY user_data_access ON :UserData USING (node.user_id = current_user_id()) WITH CHECK (node.user_id = current_user_id()) """) # Queries automatically respect RLS policies # Users only see their own data result, _ = await conn.query(""" MATCH (d:UserData) RETURN d.content """) </code></pre></div>RLS policies are evaluated at query execution time and integrate seamlessly with Geode’s authentication system. They provide mandatory access control that cannot be bypassed by application code. <h4 id="change-data-capture-cdc" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Change Data Capture (CDC) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="change-data-capture-cdc" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Change Data Capture (CDC)"> Share link </button> </h4>CDC streams provide real-time notifications of data changes, enabling event-driven architectures, data synchronization, and audit logging without polling. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-go" data-lang="go">package main import ( "context" "fmt" "geodedb.com/geode" ) func main() { client, _ := geode.Connect("localhost:3141") defer client.Close() // Subscribe to CDC stream stream, _ := client.SubscribeCDC(context.Background(), geode.CDCOptions{ IncludeTypes: []string{"CREATE", "UPDATE", "DELETE"}, Labels: []string{"User", "Transaction"}, }) for event := range stream { fmt.Printf("Change: %s on %s at %s\n", event.Operation, event.EntityID, event.Timestamp) fmt.Printf("Data: %v\n", event.NewData) } } </code></pre></div>CDC streams are delivered via QUIC with at-least-once delivery guarantees. Events include before/after snapshots, operation metadata, and transaction context. <h4 id="distributed-architecture" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Distributed Architecture <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="distributed-architecture" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Distributed Architecture"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode’s distributed mode provides horizontal scalability through sharding and replication, enabling deployments that handle billions of nodes and thousands of concurrent queries. Key distributed features include: <ul> <li>Automatic data partitioning across shards</li> <li>Configurable replication factors for fault tolerance</li> <li>Distributed transaction coordination with two-phase commit</li> <li>Query routing and distributed execution</li> <li>Automatic failover and recovery</li> </ul> <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Start a distributed cluster geode serve --mode distributed \ --node-id node-1 \ --cluster-peers node-2:3141,node-3:3141 \ --replication-factor 3 </code></pre></div> <h4 id="time-travel-queries" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Time-Travel Queries <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="time-travel-queries" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Time-Travel Queries"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode’s MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control) implementation enables time-travel queries that access historical data states without impacting current operations. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Query data as it existed at a specific time MATCH (u:User)-[:PURCHASED]->(p:Product) AS OF TIMESTAMP '2025-01-01T00:00:00Z' RETURN u.name, p.title // Query all versions of a node MATCH (u:User {id: $user_id}) FOR ALL VERSIONS RETURN u.name, u.email, version_timestamp() ORDER BY version_timestamp() </code></pre></div>Time-travel queries are useful for auditing, debugging, and analyzing historical trends without maintaining separate audit tables. <h3 id="advanced-graph-algorithms" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced Graph Algorithms <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-graph-algorithms" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced Graph Algorithms"> Share link </button> </h3>Geode provides built-in implementations of sophisticated graph algorithms optimized for its storage engine: <h4 id="community-detection" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Community Detection <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="community-detection" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Community Detection"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Detect communities using Louvain algorithm CALL graph.algorithms.community_detection('friendship_network') YIELD community_id, modularity RETURN community_id, COUNT(*) AS size, modularity ORDER BY size DESC </code></pre></div> <h4 id="centrality-analysis" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Centrality Analysis <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="centrality-analysis" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Centrality Analysis"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Calculate PageRank centrality MATCH (n:WebPage) WITH graph.algorithms.pagerank(n, { iterations: 20, dampingFactor: 0.85 }) AS rank RETURN n.url, rank ORDER BY rank DESC LIMIT 100 </code></pre></div> <h4 id="path-finding" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Path Finding <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="path-finding" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Path Finding"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Find shortest weighted path MATCH path = shortestPath( (a:Location {name: 'San Francisco'}), (b:Location {name: 'New York'}), (a)-[:ROUTE*]-(b), {weightProperty: 'distance'} ) RETURN path, reduce(d = 0, r IN relationships(path) | d + r.distance) AS total_distance </code></pre></div> <h3 id="performance-optimization-features" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Optimization Features <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-optimization-features" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Optimization Features"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="query-plan-caching" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Plan Caching <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-plan-caching" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Plan Caching"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode automatically caches prepared query plans, eliminating parse and optimization overhead for repeated queries. Plan caching is particularly effective for parameterized queries. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python"># Prepared statements benefit from plan caching async with client.prepare(""" MATCH (u:User {id: $user_id})-[:FRIEND]->(f:User) RETURN f.name, f.email """) as stmt: for user_id in user_ids: results = await stmt.execute(user_id=user_id) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="adaptive-indexing" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Adaptive Indexing <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="adaptive-indexing" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Adaptive Indexing"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode monitors query patterns and can automatically suggest or create indexes for frequently accessed properties and patterns. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Enable adaptive indexing geode config set adaptive_indexing.enabled true geode config set adaptive_indexing.threshold 1000 # View index recommendations geode index recommendations </code></pre></div> <h4 id="write-ahead-log-wal-tuning" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Write-Ahead Log (WAL) Tuning <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="write-ahead-log-wal-tuning" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Write-Ahead Log (WAL) Tuning"> Share link </button> </h4>Advanced WAL configuration enables trading durability guarantees for write performance in scenarios where some data loss is acceptable. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-yaml" data-lang="yaml"># config.yaml wal: sync_mode: "group_commit" # Batch commits for throughput flush_interval_ms: 100 # Group commit window compression: "zstd" # Compress WAL entries segment_size_mb: 64 # Larger segments reduce overhead </code></pre></div> <h3 id="security-features" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Security Features <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="security-features" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Security Features"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="transparent-data-encryption-tde" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="transparent-data-encryption-tde" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Transparent Data Encryption (TDE)"> Share link </button> </h4>TDE encrypts data at rest using AES-256, protecting against unauthorized physical access to storage media. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Enable TDE with key rotation geode config set encryption.tde.enabled true geode config set encryption.tde.algorithm "aes-256-gcm" geode config set encryption.tde.key_rotation_days 90 </code></pre></div> <h4 id="field-level-encryption-fle" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Field-Level Encryption (FLE) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="field-level-encryption-fle" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Field-Level Encryption (FLE)"> Share link </button> </h4>FLE encrypts specific properties client-side before transmission, ensuring sensitive data remains encrypted even within Geode’s memory. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from geode_client import EncryptedField # Create a node with encrypted properties await client.execute(""" CREATE (:Patient { name: 'John Doe', ssn: $encrypted_ssn, diagnosis: $encrypted_diagnosis }) """, { 'encrypted_ssn': EncryptedField('123-45-6789', key_id='patient_pii'), 'encrypted_diagnosis': EncryptedField('Type 2 Diabetes', key_id='patient_phi') }) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="monitoring-and-observability" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Monitoring and Observability <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="monitoring-and-observability" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Monitoring and Observability"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="prometheus-integration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Prometheus Integration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="prometheus-integration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Prometheus Integration"> Share link </button> </h4>Geode exposes detailed metrics in Prometheus format, enabling comprehensive monitoring and alerting. <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"># Scrape Geode metrics curl http://localhost:9090/metrics # Key metrics include: # - geode_query_duration_seconds # - geode_transaction_commits_total # - geode_index_operations_total # - geode_wal_sync_duration_seconds # - geode_mvcc_snapshot_age_seconds </code></pre></div> <h4 id="query-profiling" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Profiling <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-profiling" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Profiling"> Share link </button> </h4>PROFILE provides detailed execution metrics for performance tuning: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">PROFILE MATCH (u:User)-[:FRIEND*2..3]-(f:User) WHERE u.city = 'San Francisco' RETURN DISTINCT f.name // Returns execution plan with: // - Row counts at each stage // - Time spent in each operation // - Index usage statistics // - Memory allocation details </code></pre></div> <h3 id="best-practices" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Best Practices <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="best-practices" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Best Practices"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="feature-selection" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Feature Selection <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="feature-selection" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Feature Selection"> Share link </button> </h4>Not all applications need all advanced features. Consider: <ul> <li>Vector search: Use for semantic similarity, recommendations, and AI/ML integration</li> <li>Full-text search: Use for content discovery and search interfaces</li> <li>RLS: Use for multi-tenant SaaS applications and fine-grained security</li> <li>CDC: Use for event-driven architectures and data synchronization</li> <li>Distributed mode: Use when scaling beyond single-node capacity</li> </ul> <h4 id="performance-considerations" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Performance Considerations <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="performance-considerations" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Performance Considerations"> Share link </button> </h4>Advanced features have performance implications: <ul> <li>HNSW indexes consume significant memory (O(N) with index size)</li> <li>RLS policies add overhead to every query (typically 5-10%)</li> <li>CDC streams require WAL retention (disk space)</li> <li>Distributed queries have network latency overhead</li> </ul> Benchmark your specific workload and enable features incrementally. <h4 id="security-hardening" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Security Hardening <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="security-hardening" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Security Hardening"> Share link </button> </h4>When using advanced security features: <ul> <li>Combine TDE + FLE for defense in depth</li> <li>Use RLS policies instead of application-level filtering</li> <li>Rotate encryption keys regularly</li> <li>Monitor CDC streams for suspicious patterns</li> <li>Enable audit logging for security-critical operations</li> </ul> <h3 id="integration-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Integration Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="integration-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Integration Patterns"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="hybrid-search" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Hybrid Search <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="hybrid-search" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Hybrid Search"> Share link </button> </h4>Combine full-text and vector search for powerful semantic + keyword search: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">// Hybrid search with score fusion MATCH (d:Document) WHERE text_search(d.content, $query_text) WITH d, bm25_score(d.content, $query_text) AS text_score, vector_similarity(d.embedding, $query_vector) AS vector_score RETURN d.title, (0.7 * text_score + 0.3 * vector_score) AS combined_score ORDER BY combined_score DESC LIMIT 20 </code></pre></div> <h4 id="event-driven-architecture" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Event-Driven Architecture <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="event-driven-architecture" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Event-Driven Architecture"> Share link </button> </h4>Use CDC to trigger external workflows: <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">async def process_cdc_events(): client = Client(host="localhost", port=3141) last_seen = "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z" async with client.connection() as conn: while True: result, _ = await conn.query( """ MATCH (e:ChangeLog) WHERE e.emitted_at > $since RETURN e.operation AS operation, e.labels AS labels, e.entity_id AS entity_id, e.after AS after, e.emitted_at AS emitted_at ORDER BY emitted_at """, {"since": last_seen}, ) for row in result.rows: labels = row["labels"].raw_value or [] if row["operation"].raw_value == "CREATE" and "Order" in labels: await process_order(row["after"].raw_value) elif row["operation"].raw_value == "UPDATE" and "Inventory" in labels: await refresh_recommendations(row["entity_id"].raw_value) last_seen = row["emitted_at"].raw_value </code></pre></div> <h3 id="advanced-transaction-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced Transaction Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-transaction-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced Transaction Patterns"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="optimistic-concurrency-control" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Optimistic Concurrency Control <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="optimistic-concurrency-control" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Optimistic Concurrency Control"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">async def update_with_optimistic_locking(client, node_id, version): """Update with version checking to prevent lost updates.""" try: result, _ = await client.query(""" MATCH (n:Node {id: $id, version: $expected_version}) SET n.data = $new_data, n.version = $expected_version + 1 RETURN n.version AS new_version """, { "id": node_id, "expected_version": version, "new_data": "updated" }) return result.rows[0] if result.rows else None except geode_client.NoResultsError: raise ConflictError("Version mismatch - data was modified") </code></pre></div> <h4 id="saga-pattern-for-distributed-transactions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Saga Pattern for Distributed Transactions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="saga-pattern-for-distributed-transactions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Saga Pattern for Distributed Transactions"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from dataclasses import dataclass from typing import Callable, Any @dataclass class SagaStep: forward: Callable compensate: Callable async def execute_saga(client, steps: list[SagaStep]): """Execute multi-step saga with compensation.""" completed_steps = [] try: async with client.connection() as conn: await conn.begin() for step in steps: await step.forward(conn) completed_steps.append(step) await conn.commit() except Exception as e: # Compensate completed steps in reverse order for step in reversed(completed_steps): try: await step.compensate(client) except Exception as comp_error: logger.error(f"Compensation failed: {comp_error}") raise # Example saga async def transfer_money_saga(from_account, to_account, amount): steps = [ SagaStep( forward=lambda conn: debit_account(conn, from_account, amount), compensate=lambda c: credit_account(c, from_account, amount) ), SagaStep( forward=lambda conn: credit_account(conn, to_account, amount), compensate=lambda c: debit_account(c, to_account, amount) ) ] await execute_saga(client, steps) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="advanced-indexing-strategies" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced Indexing Strategies <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-indexing-strategies" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced Indexing Strategies"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="composite-index-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Composite Index Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="composite-index-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Composite Index Optimization"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create composite index for multi-column queries CREATE INDEX user_location_age ON :User(city, age) -- Queries benefit from composite index MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.city = 'San Francisco' AND u.age >= 25 AND u.age <= 35 RETURN u.name -- Index covers both predicates efficiently </code></pre></div> <h4 id="partial-indexes-for-specific-conditions" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Partial Indexes for Specific Conditions <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="partial-indexes-for-specific-conditions" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Partial Indexes for Specific Conditions"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create index only for active users (reduces index size) CREATE INDEX active_users ON :User(email) WHERE active = true -- Queries on active users use partial index MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.active = true AND u.email = $email RETURN u </code></pre></div> <h4 id="covering-indexes" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Covering Indexes <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="covering-indexes" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Covering Indexes"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Create index that includes returned columns CREATE INDEX user_profile ON :User(email, name, city) -- Query is answered entirely from index MATCH (u:User) WHERE u.email = $email RETURN u.name, u.city -- No need to access node storage </code></pre></div> <h3 id="advanced-security-features" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced Security Features <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-security-features" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced Security Features"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="multi-factor-authentication-integration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Multi-Factor Authentication Integration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="multi-factor-authentication-integration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Multi-Factor Authentication Integration"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from geode_client import Client import pyotp async def authenticate_with_mfa(username, password, totp_code): """Authenticate with username, password, and TOTP.""" # First verify password client = Client(host="localhost", port=3141) async with client.connection() as conn: user = await conn.execute(""" MATCH (u:User {username: $username}) WHERE crypto.verify_password($password, u.password_hash) RETURN u.totp_secret AS secret, u.id AS id """, {"username": username, "password": password}) user_data = user.rows[0] if user.rows else None if not user_data: raise AuthenticationError("Invalid credentials") # Verify TOTP totp = pyotp.TOTP(user_data['secret']) if not totp.verify(totp_code): raise AuthenticationError("Invalid TOTP code") # Create session session_token = generate_secure_token() await conn.execute(""" MATCH (u:User {id: $user_id}) CREATE (s:Session { token: $token, created: current_timestamp(), expires: current_timestamp() + INTERVAL '24' HOUR }) CREATE (u)-[:HAS_SESSION]->(s) """, {"user_id": user_data['id'], "token": session_token}) return session_token </code></pre></div> <h4 id="attribute-based-access-control-abac" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC) <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="attribute-based-access-control-abac" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Define ABAC policy CREATE POLICY document_access ON :Document USING ( // Allow access if user has clearance level >= document classification EXISTS { MATCH (current_user:User {id: current_user_id()}) WHERE current_user.clearance_level >= node.classification_level } OR // Or if user is document owner EXISTS { MATCH (current_user:User {id: current_user_id()}) -[:OWNS]->(node) } OR // Or if user is in authorized group EXISTS { MATCH (current_user:User {id: current_user_id()}) -[:MEMBER_OF]->(:Group) <-[:AUTHORIZED]-(node) } ) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="audit-trail-implementation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Audit Trail Implementation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="audit-trail-implementation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Audit Trail Implementation"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">async def create_audit_log(client, user_id, action, entity_type, entity_id, details): """Create comprehensive audit log entry.""" await client.execute(""" CREATE (log:AuditLog { timestamp: current_timestamp(), user_id: $user_id, action: $action, entity_type: $entity_type, entity_id: $entity_id, details: $details, ip_address: $ip, user_agent: $user_agent }) """, { "user_id": user_id, "action": action, "entity_type": entity_type, "entity_id": entity_id, "details": details, "ip": request.remote_addr, "user_agent": request.headers.get('User-Agent') }) # Query audit logs async def get_audit_trail(entity_id): """Retrieve complete audit trail for entity.""" result, _ = await client.query(""" MATCH (log:AuditLog {entity_id: $entity_id}) RETURN log.timestamp AS when, log.user_id AS who, log.action AS what, log.details AS details ORDER BY log.timestamp DESC """, {"entity_id": entity_id}) return [row for row in result.rows] </code></pre></div> <h3 id="stream-processing-integration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Stream Processing Integration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="stream-processing-integration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Stream Processing Integration"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="apache-kafka-integration" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Apache Kafka Integration <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="apache-kafka-integration" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Apache Kafka Integration"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">from kafka import KafkaProducer, KafkaConsumer import json async def stream_changes_to_kafka(client, topic): """Stream Geode CDC events to Kafka.""" producer = KafkaProducer( bootstrap_servers=['localhost:9092'], value_serializer=lambda v: json.dumps(v).encode('utf-8') ) last_seen = "1970-01-01T00:00:00Z" async with client.connection() as conn: while True: result, _ = await conn.query( """ MATCH (e:ChangeLog) WHERE e.emitted_at > $since RETURN e.operation AS operation, e.entity_type AS entity_type, e.entity_id AS entity_id, e.emitted_at AS emitted_at, e.after AS after ORDER BY emitted_at """, {"since": last_seen}, ) for row in result.rows: kafka_message = { 'operation': row["operation"].raw_value, 'entity_type': row["entity_type"].raw_value, 'entity_id': row["entity_id"].raw_value, 'timestamp': row["emitted_at"].raw_value, 'data': row["after"].raw_value, } producer.send(topic, value=kafka_message) last_seen = row["emitted_at"].raw_value async def consume_from_kafka_to_geode(topic): """Consume Kafka messages and write to Geode.""" consumer = KafkaConsumer( topic, bootstrap_servers=['localhost:9092'], value_deserializer=lambda m: json.loads(m.decode('utf-8')) ) client = Client(host="localhost", port=3141) async with client.connection() as conn: for message in consumer: event = message.value await conn.execute(""" CREATE (n:Event { type: $type, timestamp: $timestamp, data: $data }) """, event) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="advanced-query-optimization" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Advanced Query Optimization <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="advanced-query-optimization" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Advanced Query Optimization"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="query-hints-and-directives" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Query Hints and Directives <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="query-hints-and-directives" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Query Hints and Directives"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Force specific index usage MATCH (u:User) USING INDEX u:User(email) WHERE u.email = $email RETURN u -- Disable certain optimizations MATCH (a:Node)-[r]-(b:Node) OPTION (hash_join=off) RETURN a, b </code></pre></div> <h4 id="materialized-path-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Materialized Path Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="materialized-path-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Materialized Path Patterns"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Store pre-computed paths for fast traversal CREATE (root:Category { name: 'Electronics', path: '/Electronics', level: 0 }) CREATE (laptop:Category { name: 'Laptops', path: '/Electronics/Laptops', level: 1 }) -- Query entire subtree efficiently MATCH (cat:Category) WHERE cat.path STARTS WITH '/Electronics' RETURN cat ORDER BY cat.level, cat.name </code></pre></div> <h4 id="denormalization-for-read-performance" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Denormalization for Read Performance <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="denormalization-for-read-performance" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Denormalization for Read Performance"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Denormalize frequently accessed aggregates MATCH (product:Product)<-[:PURCHASED]-(order:Order) WITH product, COUNT(order) AS purchase_count SET product.cached_purchase_count = purchase_count, product.cache_updated = current_timestamp() -- Fast reads from denormalized data MATCH (p:Product) WHERE p.cached_purchase_count > 100 RETURN p.name, p.cached_purchase_count </code></pre></div> <h3 id="graph-machine-learning-workflows" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Graph Machine Learning Workflows <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="graph-machine-learning-workflows" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Graph Machine Learning Workflows"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="link-prediction" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Link Prediction <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="link-prediction" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Link Prediction"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">import numpy as np from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier async def train_link_predictor(client): """Train ML model to predict future links.""" # Extract features for existing links result, _ = await client.query(""" MATCH (u1:User)-[r:KNOWS]->(u2:User) WITH u1, u2, COUNT{(u1)-[:KNOWS]->()<-[:KNOWS]-(u2)} AS common_friends, u1.join_date AS u1_join, u2.join_date AS u2_join RETURN common_friends, duration_between(u1_join, u2_join) AS join_diff, 1 AS label LIMIT 10000 """) features = [] labels = [] for row in result.rows: features.append([row['common_friends'], row['join_diff']]) labels.append(row['label']) # Train model model = RandomForestClassifier() model.fit(np.array(features), np.array(labels)) return model async def predict_new_links(client, model): """Predict which user pairs will connect.""" # Get candidate pairs (users who aren't connected) result, _ = await client.query(""" MATCH (u1:User), (u2:User) WHERE u1.id < u2.id AND NOT EXISTS {MATCH (u1)-[:KNOWS]-(u2)} WITH u1, u2, COUNT{(u1)-[:KNOWS]->()<-[:KNOWS]-(u2)} AS common_friends WHERE common_friends > 0 RETURN u1.id AS user1, u2.id AS user2, common_friends, duration_between(u1.join_date, u2.join_date) AS join_diff LIMIT 1000 """) predictions = [] for row in result.rows: features = [[row['common_friends'], row['join_diff']]] probability = model.predict_proba(features)[0][1] predictions.append({ 'user1': row['user1'], 'user2': row['user2'], 'probability': probability }) return sorted(predictions, key=lambda x: x['probability'], reverse=True) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="graph-classification" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Graph Classification <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="graph-classification" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Graph Classification"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">async def classify_graph_nodes(client, trained_gnn_model): """Classify nodes using Graph Neural Network.""" # Extract node embeddings result, _ = await client.query(""" MATCH (n:Node) RETURN n.id AS id, n.embedding AS embedding, [(n)-[:CONNECTED]-(neighbor) | neighbor.id] AS neighbor_ids """) node_features = {} edges = [] for row in result.rows: node_features[row['id']] = row['embedding'] for neighbor in row['neighbor_ids']: edges.append((row['id'], neighbor)) # Run GNN inference predictions = trained_gnn_model.predict(node_features, edges) # Update graph with classifications for node_id, predicted_class in predictions.items(): await client.execute(""" MATCH (n:Node {id: $id}) SET n.predicted_class = $class, n.classification_timestamp = current_timestamp() """, {"id": node_id, "class": predicted_class}) </code></pre></div> <h3 id="multi-tenancy-patterns" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Multi-Tenancy Patterns <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="multi-tenancy-patterns" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Multi-Tenancy Patterns"> Share link </button> </h3> <h4 id="schema-based-isolation" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Schema-Based Isolation <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="schema-based-isolation" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Schema-Based Isolation"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-gql" data-lang="gql">-- Each tenant has labeled nodes CREATE (d:Document:Tenant1 {content: 'data'}) CREATE (d:Document:Tenant2 {content: 'data'}) -- RLS policy enforces isolation CREATE POLICY tenant_isolation ON :Document USING (current_tenant() IN labels(node)) </code></pre></div> <h4 id="connection-pooling-per-tenant" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Connection Pooling Per Tenant <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="connection-pooling-per-tenant" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Connection Pooling Per Tenant"> Share link </button> </h4><div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-python" data-lang="python">class MultiTenantConnectionManager: def __init__(self): self.pools = {} async def get_connection(self, tenant_id): """Get tenant-specific connection with RLS context.""" if tenant_id not in self.pools: self.pools[tenant_id] = await Client.create_pool( "localhost:3141", context={"tenant_id": tenant_id} ) return await self.pools[tenant_id].acquire() # Usage manager = MultiTenantConnectionManager() async with manager.get_connection("tenant1") as conn: # Queries automatically filtered to tenant1 result, _ = await conn.query("MATCH (d:Document) RETURN d") </code></pre></div> <h3 id="further-reading" class="position-relative d-flex align-items-center group"> Further Reading <button type="button" class="h-share btn btn-link p-0 text-decoration-none link-secondary opacity-50 hover-opacity-100 transition-all ms-1" data-share-target="further-reading" aria-haspopup="dialog" aria-label="Share link: Further Reading"> Share link </button> </h3><ul> <li><a href="/docs/tutorials/vector-search-tutorial/" >Vector Search Tutorial</a> - HNSW implementation details</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/full-text-search/" >Full-Text Search</a> - BM25 text search and ranking</li> <li><a href="/tags/row-level-security/" >Row-Level Security</a> - RLS policies and implementation</li> <li><a href="/tags/cdc/" >Change Data Capture</a> - CDC streams and patterns</li> <li><a href="/docs/architecture/distributed-architecture/" >Distributed Architecture</a> - Scaling and deployment</li> <li><a href="/docs/transactions/" >Transactions</a> - MVCC and time-travel queries</li> <li><a href="/categories/performance/" >Performance Optimization</a> - Tuning advanced features</li> <li><a href="/categories/security/" >Security and Compliance</a> - TDE, FLE, and encryption</li> <li><a href="/docs/analytics/graph-algorithms/" >Graph Algorithms</a> - Graph algorithm patterns</li> <li><a href="/docs/analytics/real-time-analytics/" >Real-Time Analytics</a> - Real-time data pipelines</li> <li><a href="/docs/query/indexing-and-optimization/" >Indexing and Optimization</a> - Index optimization</li> </ul>

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